Gross Anatomy Flashcards
what are the two main circulatory systems?
cardiovascular and lymphatic
what is the function of circulatory systems?
distribution of gases and other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair
chemical signalling (hormones)
thermoregulation
mediate inflammation
what are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?
arterial system, venous system, heart
what are the two main cardiovascular circulations?
pulmonary (to the lungs) and systemic (to capillary beds of organs and tissues)
what does diastole and systole mean?
diastole - contraction
systole - relaxation
what contract first, atria or ventricles?
atria
what are the three layers of the heart starting from the outside?
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
what forms the right border of the heart?
right atrium
what forms the most anterior surface of the heart?
right ventricle
what forms the posterior surface of the heart?
left atrium
what forms the left border of the heart?
left ventricle
what are the great vessels of the cardiovascular system?
aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk that divides into left and right pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins (x4)
what is the purpose of cardiac valves?
to ensure uni-directional blood flow
where is the pulmonary valve?
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
where is the tricuspid valve?
between right atrium and right ventricle
where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve?
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
where is the aortic valve?
between left ventricle an aorta
what is lumen?
the space that the blow flows
what are arteries?
carry oxygenated blood, round lumen, pulsatile, supply a territory
what do the terms bifurcation, trifurcation and common/trunk mean?
bifurcation - split into two
trifurcation - spilt into three
common/trunk - will divide
what contracts in order to narrow the lumen of a blood vessel?
the smooth muscle in the tunica media
what happens if you decrease/increase the sympathetic tone of an artery?
decrease tone, dilate further
increase tone, constrict further
what is an anastomosis?
where the arteries connect with each other without intervening capillary beds
what are alternative routes in an anastomosis known as?
collateral arteries/circulation
what is an end artery?
the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body (no collateral vessels)
what happens if you leave an occlusion in an end artery untreated?
infarction (irreversible cell death due to hypoxia - lack of oxygen)
where does all systemic arterial blood enter?
aorta
why is it important the aorta has elastic recoil?
to maintain peripheral flow when the heart relaxes
what are the four parts of the aorta?
ascending aorta: 2 branches (left coronary artery and right coronary artery)
arch of aorta: 3 branches
thoracic aorta: numerous branches
abdominal aorta: 3 unpaired midline branches, several paired, bilateral branches
what are the three branches of the arch of aorta?
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
where is the carotid pulse?
at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
where is the femoral artery?
the continuation of the external iliac artery in the midpoint if the groin
where is the popliteal artery pulse?
posterior to the knee joint
where is the dorsals pedis artery pulse?
on the dorsum of the foot
where is the brachial artery pulse?
anterior to the elbow joint
where is the radial artery pulse?
radial side of the palmer aspect of the wrist
what are veins?
carry deoxygenated blood, low pressure and non-pulsatile, drain blood away from a territory, have valves and thin walls that collapse when empty
what do veins merge with?
venules
how is venous blood pumped back to the heart?
venous valves, skeletal muscle pump, venae comitantes, valves are forced open when the muscle contracts
what are superficial veins?
small and run within superficial fascia then drain into deep veins which are larger
what are the two main venous systems?
system venous systems (drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into the superior or inferior vena cava) and hepatic portal venous system (drains venous blood from absorptive parts if the GI tract and associated organs to the liver for cleaning
what are capillaries?
form extensive vascular networks, lined with single layer of endothelium, narrow lumen (one erythrocyte at a time), allow for exchange of gases, metabolite and waste products
where is lymph returned to the central veins from the lymph nodes?
root of the neck (venous angles)
what do lymphatic capillaries collect?
tissue fluid, which once it has entered the lymphatic system is referred to as lymph
what does the right and left lymphatic ducts drain into?
right - right venous angle
left - left venous angle
can lymph nodes normally be palpated?
no
what are the two types of skeleton?
axial and appendicular skeleton
what is the axial skeleton?
bones of the skull, neck and the trunk
what is the appendicular skeleton?
bones of the upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs, pectoral girdle
what’s the bone in the arm?
humerus
what are the two bones in the forearm?
radius and ulna
what are the three bones in the hand?
carpal (wrist), metacarpals (palm), phalanges (fingers)
what is the bone in the thigh?
femur
what are the two bones in the leg?
tibia and fibula
what are the three bones in the foot?
tarsal (hind foot/midfoot), metatarsals (forefoot), phalanges (forefoot-toes)
how do bones develop?
an adjacent structure (e.g. tendon, blood vessel, bone) will apply force to the developing bone, moulding the shape accordingly. the bone has to grow around the other structure forming a foremen (a hole)
what makes up the skeleton?
bones and cartilage
what are the functions of bones?
support of protection of the body organs, calcium metabolism, red blood cell formation, attachment for skeletal muscles
what are the functions of cartilage?
less rigid than bone, located where mobility is required, at articulations (joints)
what are the functions of the joints?
movement of the skeleton occurs at the joints, skeletal muscles contract to move the bone
what are the three types of joints?
synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
what’s the relationship between mobility and stability in joints?
increased mobility = decreased stability
decreased mobility = increased stability
what are the sensations detected by the sensory receptors of the joint’s nerves?
pain, touch, temperature, proprioception
what is skeletal muscle?
produce movement, found deep to deep fascia, covered by tough fibrous connective tissue
what are the advantages of longer muscle fibre?
greater potential range of shortening and greater potential range of movement produced by the joint
where are the two points of attachment between the bone and skeletal muscle?
the origins on one side of the joint and the insertions are on the other side of the joint, tendons attach muscle to the bone, found at either end of the muscle and are non-contractile
what can the skeletal muscle do?
move the origin and insertion closer together during contraction, muscle fibres shorten along the long axis between the origin and insertion
what us an aponeurosis?
flattened tendon, attach muscle of soft tissue to skeletal muscle
what are reflexes?
automatic movement made by the nervous system and muscle, protective
what are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscle?
stretch reflex and flection withdrawal reflex (touch something potentially damaging)
what does a normal stretch reflex indicate is functioning normally?
the muscle, sensory nerve fibres, motor nerve fibres. spinal cord connections between the two, neuromuscular junctions, descending controls from the brain
what is paralysis?
a muscle without a function motor nerve supply, cannot contract, muscle would have reduced tone
what is spasticity?
muscles have an intact and functioning motor nerve supply, descending controls from the brain are not working, muscle has increased tone
