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Principles - Kate > Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main circulatory systems?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

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2
Q

what is the function of circulatory systems?

A

distribution of gases and other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair
chemical signalling (hormones)
thermoregulation
mediate inflammation

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3
Q

what are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

arterial system, venous system, heart

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4
Q

what are the two main cardiovascular circulations?

A

pulmonary (to the lungs) and systemic (to capillary beds of organs and tissues)

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5
Q

what does diastole and systole mean?

A

diastole - contraction

systole - relaxation

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6
Q

what contract first, atria or ventricles?

A

atria

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7
Q

what are the three layers of the heart starting from the outside?

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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8
Q

what forms the right border of the heart?

A

right atrium

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9
Q

what forms the most anterior surface of the heart?

A

right ventricle

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10
Q

what forms the posterior surface of the heart?

A

left atrium

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11
Q

what forms the left border of the heart?

A

left ventricle

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12
Q

what are the great vessels of the cardiovascular system?

A

aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk that divides into left and right pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins (x4)

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13
Q

what is the purpose of cardiac valves?

A

to ensure uni-directional blood flow

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14
Q

where is the pulmonary valve?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

where is the tricuspid valve?

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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16
Q

where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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17
Q

where is the aortic valve?

A

between left ventricle an aorta

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18
Q

what is lumen?

A

the space that the blow flows

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19
Q

what are arteries?

A

carry oxygenated blood, round lumen, pulsatile, supply a territory

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20
Q

what do the terms bifurcation, trifurcation and common/trunk mean?

A

bifurcation - split into two
trifurcation - spilt into three
common/trunk - will divide

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21
Q

what contracts in order to narrow the lumen of a blood vessel?

A

the smooth muscle in the tunica media

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22
Q

what happens if you decrease/increase the sympathetic tone of an artery?

A

decrease tone, dilate further

increase tone, constrict further

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23
Q

what is an anastomosis?

A

where the arteries connect with each other without intervening capillary beds

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24
Q

what are alternative routes in an anastomosis known as?

A

collateral arteries/circulation

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25
Q

what is an end artery?

A

the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body (no collateral vessels)

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26
Q

what happens if you leave an occlusion in an end artery untreated?

A

infarction (irreversible cell death due to hypoxia - lack of oxygen)

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27
Q

where does all systemic arterial blood enter?

A

aorta

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28
Q

why is it important the aorta has elastic recoil?

A

to maintain peripheral flow when the heart relaxes

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29
Q

what are the four parts of the aorta?

A

ascending aorta: 2 branches (left coronary artery and right coronary artery)
arch of aorta: 3 branches
thoracic aorta: numerous branches
abdominal aorta: 3 unpaired midline branches, several paired, bilateral branches

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30
Q

what are the three branches of the arch of aorta?

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

31
Q

where is the carotid pulse?

A

at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

32
Q

where is the femoral artery?

A

the continuation of the external iliac artery in the midpoint if the groin

33
Q

where is the popliteal artery pulse?

A

posterior to the knee joint

34
Q

where is the dorsals pedis artery pulse?

A

on the dorsum of the foot

35
Q

where is the brachial artery pulse?

A

anterior to the elbow joint

36
Q

where is the radial artery pulse?

A

radial side of the palmer aspect of the wrist

37
Q

what are veins?

A

carry deoxygenated blood, low pressure and non-pulsatile, drain blood away from a territory, have valves and thin walls that collapse when empty

38
Q

what do veins merge with?

A

venules

39
Q

how is venous blood pumped back to the heart?

A

venous valves, skeletal muscle pump, venae comitantes, valves are forced open when the muscle contracts

40
Q

what are superficial veins?

A

small and run within superficial fascia then drain into deep veins which are larger

41
Q

what are the two main venous systems?

A

system venous systems (drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into the superior or inferior vena cava) and hepatic portal venous system (drains venous blood from absorptive parts if the GI tract and associated organs to the liver for cleaning

42
Q

what are capillaries?

A

form extensive vascular networks, lined with single layer of endothelium, narrow lumen (one erythrocyte at a time), allow for exchange of gases, metabolite and waste products

43
Q

where is lymph returned to the central veins from the lymph nodes?

A

root of the neck (venous angles)

44
Q

what do lymphatic capillaries collect?

A

tissue fluid, which once it has entered the lymphatic system is referred to as lymph

45
Q

what does the right and left lymphatic ducts drain into?

A

right - right venous angle

left - left venous angle

46
Q

can lymph nodes normally be palpated?

A

no

47
Q

what are the two types of skeleton?

A

axial and appendicular skeleton

48
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

bones of the skull, neck and the trunk

49
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of the upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs, pectoral girdle

50
Q

what’s the bone in the arm?

A

humerus

51
Q

what are the two bones in the forearm?

A

radius and ulna

52
Q

what are the three bones in the hand?

A

carpal (wrist), metacarpals (palm), phalanges (fingers)

53
Q

what is the bone in the thigh?

A

femur

54
Q

what are the two bones in the leg?

A

tibia and fibula

55
Q

what are the three bones in the foot?

A

tarsal (hind foot/midfoot), metatarsals (forefoot), phalanges (forefoot-toes)

56
Q

how do bones develop?

A

an adjacent structure (e.g. tendon, blood vessel, bone) will apply force to the developing bone, moulding the shape accordingly. the bone has to grow around the other structure forming a foremen (a hole)

57
Q

what makes up the skeleton?

A

bones and cartilage

58
Q

what are the functions of bones?

A

support of protection of the body organs, calcium metabolism, red blood cell formation, attachment for skeletal muscles

59
Q

what are the functions of cartilage?

A

less rigid than bone, located where mobility is required, at articulations (joints)

60
Q

what are the functions of the joints?

A

movement of the skeleton occurs at the joints, skeletal muscles contract to move the bone

61
Q

what are the three types of joints?

A

synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous

62
Q

what’s the relationship between mobility and stability in joints?

A

increased mobility = decreased stability

decreased mobility = increased stability

63
Q

what are the sensations detected by the sensory receptors of the joint’s nerves?

A

pain, touch, temperature, proprioception

64
Q

what is skeletal muscle?

A

produce movement, found deep to deep fascia, covered by tough fibrous connective tissue

65
Q

what are the advantages of longer muscle fibre?

A

greater potential range of shortening and greater potential range of movement produced by the joint

66
Q

where are the two points of attachment between the bone and skeletal muscle?

A

the origins on one side of the joint and the insertions are on the other side of the joint, tendons attach muscle to the bone, found at either end of the muscle and are non-contractile

67
Q

what can the skeletal muscle do?

A

move the origin and insertion closer together during contraction, muscle fibres shorten along the long axis between the origin and insertion

68
Q

what us an aponeurosis?

A

flattened tendon, attach muscle of soft tissue to skeletal muscle

69
Q

what are reflexes?

A

automatic movement made by the nervous system and muscle, protective

70
Q

what are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscle?

A

stretch reflex and flection withdrawal reflex (touch something potentially damaging)

71
Q

what does a normal stretch reflex indicate is functioning normally?

A

the muscle, sensory nerve fibres, motor nerve fibres. spinal cord connections between the two, neuromuscular junctions, descending controls from the brain

72
Q

what is paralysis?

A

a muscle without a function motor nerve supply, cannot contract, muscle would have reduced tone

73
Q

what is spasticity?

A

muscles have an intact and functioning motor nerve supply, descending controls from the brain are not working, muscle has increased tone

Principles - Kate (10 decks)

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