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URI > Gross anatomy > Flashcards

Gross anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cat kidneys have ………………….. that can easily be seen

A

Subcapsular veins

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2
Q

The left horse kidney is described as ………………… and the right as …………………

A

Pyramidal

Heart shaped

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3
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Acid base balance
  2. Water balance
  3. Vitamin D and calcium regulation
  4. Detoxification
  5. Endocrine role (EPO production)
  6. Blood pressure maintenance
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4
Q

The ……………… kidney lies more cranial in all species except the pig

A

Right

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5
Q

What is a renal lobe?

A

A section of the kidney linked to one pyramid and papilla

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6
Q

Multiobular kidneys do not have a…

A

Renal pelvis

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7
Q

Which species have pseudo-unilobuar kidneys?

A

Cat, dog, sheep, horse

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8
Q

What does psuedo-unilobular kidney mean?

A

Lobes still seen internally but the pyramids are partially merged.
The papillae merge to form the renal crest
They have no calices and a single renal pelvis

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9
Q

Which species have multilobular kidneys?

A

pigs and humans

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10
Q

What does a multilobular kidney have?

A

Obvious pyramids and multiple renal papilae and calices, they have a branched pelvis.

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11
Q

What species has multilobular kidneys?

A

Cow, dolphin and the elephant

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12
Q

What does a multilobular kidney have?

A

Many lobes and pyramids

Multiple renal papillae and calices but no pelvis

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13
Q

Where does the ureter begin?

A

At the renal pelvis (into which all the papillary ducts open)

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14
Q

Where is the renal pelvis located?

A

In the renal sinus

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15
Q

Where is the cranial pole of the right kidney located?

A

In the renal fossa of the caudate lobe of the liver

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16
Q

What lies medially to the right kidney?

A

Caudal vena cava

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17
Q

What lies ventrally to the right kidney?

A

Duodenum and right pancreatic limb

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18
Q

Where is the cranial pole of the left kidney located?

A

In contact with the greater curvature of the stomach

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19
Q

What is lateral to the left kidney?

A

Spleen

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20
Q

What lies caudally to the left kidney?

A

Small intestine and descending colon

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21
Q

What LN lies next to the left ureter

A

External illiac

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22
Q

Where does the left testicular vein open into?

A

Left renal vein

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23
Q

Where does the right testicular vein open into?

A

caudal vena cava

24
Q

In the female what branches off the left renal vein?

A

Left ovarian vein

25
Q

The right ovarian vein branches off what?

A

caudal vena cava

26
Q

Where do the ureters insert on the bladder?

A

Obliquely onto the dorsolateral surface, it runs along a bit between the muscular and mucosa before opening

27
Q

What are the walls of the ureters made up of?

A

Transitional epithelium (provides protection against urine)
Lamina propria
Muscularis
Adventitia

28
Q

Where do the uretric folds extend to?

A

Extend from the ureteral openings to the neck of the bladder where they fuse into the urethral crest.

29
Q

Where do the lateral ligaments of the bladder insert?

A

Insert on the dorsal abdominal wall

30
Q

What sits within the lateral ligaments of the bladder?

A

Residual umbilical vessels

31
Q

What does the median ligament of the bladder?

A

Connects the bladder to the pelvic floor and linea alba

32
Q

Where does the female urethra open to?

A

Empties at the external urethral orifice onto the ventral wall of the vagina at the vestibulo-vaginal junction

33
Q

Which species have a significant sub-urethral diverticulum?

A

Sow and cow

34
Q

What are the three zones of the male urethra?

A

Pre-prostatic: from the bladder neck to the seminal hillock
Prostatic portion: Includes openings of the deferent, vesicular and prostatic ducts
Penile portion: From the ischial arch to the penile tip

35
Q

What is the species difference of the male feline urethra?

A

Sigmoid urethra with a small os penis

The glands penis has many small barbs

36
Q

What is the species difference of the male equine urethra?

A

The urethra is inside the urethral fossa of the glands penis

37
Q

What is the species difference of the male sheep urethra?

A

The urethra extends 3-4 cm beyond the glans penis

38
Q

Where do the renal arteries arise from?

A

Lateral aorta and often divide into a dorsal and ventral branch

39
Q

The ……………. renal artery originates 2cm caudal to the ……………. renal artery

A

left

right

40
Q

The right renal artery arises 4cm caudal to the …

A

cranial mesenteric a.

41
Q

The renal pelvis is supplied by which artery?

A

renal

42
Q

The ureter is supplied by which artery?

A

Proximal ureter- renal a

Distal ureter - cranial vesicular artery and the vaginal/prostatic a.

43
Q

What is the blood supply to the bladder?

A

Caudal vesicular a.

44
Q

What is the blood supply to the urethra?

A

Urethral a.

45
Q

Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the kidney come from?

A

The solar plexus

46
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibres to the kidney synapse?

A

Coeliac and cranial mesenteric ganglion

47
Q

Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the bladder come from?

A

Sympathetic via the hypogastric nerve (caudal mesenteric ganglion)
Parasympathetic via the peudenal nerve

48
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidney, ureter and bladder?

A

Kidney: renal lymph node
Ureter: Lumbar lymph node
Bladder: Iliosacral lymph node

49
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic cavity?

A

Pelvic inlet, obturator and gluteal walls, sacrotuberous ligament and the perineum

50
Q

What pelvic ligament is absent in cats?

A

sacrotuberous lig

51
Q

What ligament extends from the ischiatic tuberosity

A

sacrotuberous lig

52
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and their functions?

A

Levator ani: compresses the rectum during defecation and presses the tail against the anorectal region.
Coccygeus: compresses rectum and tail
External anal sphincter: Relaxes to allow the passage of faeces.

53
Q

The internal illiac a. branches into two arteries, what are they?

A

The caudal gluteal and the internal pudenal (supplies viscera)

54
Q

What does the internal pudenal a. branch into?

A

Prostatic/vaginal artery which branches into the urethral a.

55
Q

Where in the spine does the hypogastric n. arise from?

A

L2-4

56
Q

Where in the spine does the pelvic n and pudenal n. arise from?

A

S1-3

URI (23 decks)

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