Gross Anatomy

Question 1

what are the planes

Answer 1

1.Sagittal plane : median sagittal & paramedian sagittalis plane
2.Coronal/frontal plane
3.Horizontal plane

Question 2

What are the axes?

Answer 2

transerve, vertical and sagittal

Question 3

what are the different anatomical type of bones?

Answer 3

1.long bones : has a epiphysis, diaphysis (shaft ) and medullar cavity
-plays a role in suport and …
_e.g humerus, femur
2.short bones: made of compact bone outside and spongy bone inside, has no medullar cavity
e.g tarsals, metatarsals
3.Flat bones: present in 2 directions e.g scapula
4.Pneumatic bones: contains air spaces in the compact substance, the spaces are lined with mucous membranes are termed sinuses

Question 4

types of arthroses

Answer 4

synarthoses, (ampiarthroses), diarthroses

Question 5

Types of synarthroses

Answer 5

-Fibrous
-Cartilagious
-Synostosis

Question 6

Types of fivrous joints

Answer 6

1.Sutures: e.g found in the skull
2.Syndesmosis: found between two parallel bones articulating together e.g radius and ulna
3.Gomphosis: between teeth and alveolar processes of mandible or maxilla

Question 7

Types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

i.symphysis: bones are joined with a pad made of fibrous cartilage e.g pubic symphysis & inverterbral discs
ii.synchondrosis joints: joined with hyaline cartilage e.g costochondral joints

Question 8

What are diarthroses (synovial) joints ?

Answer 8

-Bones are not directly connected
-They have synovial cavity with synovial fluid
-They are connected with dense irregular connective tissue

Question 9

What are the types of synovial joints based on shape?

Answer 9

1.Plane joint e.g tarsal joints
2.ball & socket joint e.g hip joint
3.Saddle joint e.g sternoclavicular joint
4.Hinge joint e.g elbow
5.Pivot joint e.g between C1& C2 vertebraes
6.Condyloid/elipsoid joint: e.g radiocarpal joint

Question 10

What are the types of synovial joints based on the number of axes?

Answer 10

1.Uniaxial joints: pivot joint , hinge joint
2.Biaxial joints : Condylar joint & saddle joint
3.Multiaxial: Ball and socket joint

Question 11

Standard typical items of joints

Answer 11

1.Articular surface
2.Articular capsule
3.Articular cavity with synovial fluid
4.Articular ligaments
5.Discus articularis*
6.Meniscus articularis*
*special feature found in some joints

Question 12

What are the accesory structures related to joints?

Answer 12

1.Bursae: fluid-filled sacs
2.Menisci-usually large and c-shaped / articular disc-smaller

Question 13

What are the typical parts of skeletal muscles?

Answer 13

1.Epimysium : outermost part (muscle)
2.Perimysium: middle layer ; surrounding bundles of fibers (fasiscle)
3.Endomysium: innermost layer, surrounding individual muscle fibers

Question 14

What are the different types of vessels?

Answer 14

1.Conducting vessels: aorta & pulmonary trunk (they prouce the Windkessel effect )
2.Distrubuting vessels: subclavian artery, axillary artery and brachial artery
3.Reservoir vessels : veins
4.Exchnaging vessels : capillaries & venules
5.Resistance vessels : small muscular arteries & arterioles
(C.D.R.E.R)

Question 15

Types of arteries

Answer 15

-Muscular arteries
-Elastic arteries e.g aorta
-Arterioles: small, contain endothelium and 1-3 muscle layers

Question 16

Concerning veins

Answer 16

-Reservoirs vessels
-There are deep and superficial veins
-They are likely to have valves to prevent backflow of blood
-Form anastomoses e.g in venous plexuses and perforating veins

Question 17

What are the spinal cord segements?

Answer 17

31 segements –5 parts
1.Cervical - 8
2.Thoracic - 12
3.Lumbar - 5
4.Saccral - 5
5.Coccygeal - 1