gross- anatomical nonmenclature Flashcards
demonstrate the anatomical position
body is standing erect, with eyes looking forward, arms hanging by the sides with palms facing forward, and feet together with toes pointing forward
- the standard reference point for anatomical descriptions
Name the 5 (4 geometric and 1 other) anatomical planes + axis
axis: straight line around which an object rotates
1. median plane: vertical plane that divides the body into right and left symmetrical halves
2. saggital plane (aka parasaggital): parallel to the median plane that divides body into asymmetrical left and right halves
- the one thats to the right/left of the middle vertically
3. coronal plane (frontal plane): vertical plane situated at a right angle to the median plane, divides body into posterior (back) and anterior (front) parts
- think cutting horizontally down the skull
4. horizontal plane: lies at right angles to both median and coronal planes, divides body into upper and lower limbs
5. transverse plane: perpendicular to the long axis of a given structure
- not always the same as horizontal (ex. in the leg, both horizontal and transverse are the same, but in the foot the axis is different so the transverse plane is different)
medial and lateral
medial: closer the median plane (towards the inside)
lateral*: further from the median plane (towards the outside)
ex. in the head, the eyes are lateral to the nose and the nose is medial to the eyes
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
anterior (ventral): the front
posterior (dorsal): the back
superior and inferior
superior: above (higher than point of reference)
inferior: below (lower than point of reference)
proximal and distal
proximal: present towards origin/beginning of structure
distal: further from origin/beginning
palmar and plantar
palmar: only for hands, anterior surface of hands (palms)
plantar: only for feet, sole surface of foot
flexion & extension & hyperextension
flexion: bending movement where angle is reduced between surfaces
extension: straightening movement where angle is increased b/w surfaces
hyperextension: extension beyond normal limit
abduction & adduction
abduction: moving away from median plane (opening fingers)
adduction: moving towards median plane (closing fingers)
medial and lateral rotation
medial rotation is moving inwards so if you move your hand to stomach
lateral rotation is moving outwards so if you move hand to the outside
circumduction
one joint fixed and other moves
think circle
like hand rotating in a cycle around the wrist
supination & protonation
supination: rotation of forearm so that palm faces upward
protonation: rotation of forearm so that palm faces downward
mid prone position: rotation of forearm so that hand is straight like danting someone
inversion & eversion
inversion: soles of foot turned medially (soles facing inward)
eversion: soles of foot turned laterally (soles facing outward)
protraction & retraction
protraction: moving a body part forward like sticking your jaw out or pushing your shoulders forward (movement anteriorly on horizontal plane)
retraction: moving a body part backward like pulling your jaw back or squeezing your shoulder blades together
opposition & reposition
opposition: thumb going to fingers (tasbeeh)
reposition: thumb going back to anatomical position (side of hand again)
depression & elevation
elevation: lifting a body part upward like shrugging shoulders or closing mouth
depression: lowering a body part downward like relaxing shoulders after a shrug or opening mouth
dorsiflexion & plantar flexion
dorsiflexion: lifting front of your foot upward, so toes point towards shin
- ex. standing on heels or walking uphill
plantar flexion: pointing toes downward, like pressing on a gas pedal or standing on tiptoes
supine & prone position
supine: laying on back
prone: laying on stomach
terms of laterality: Bilateral
Unilateral
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Bilateral: Involving both sides of the body. - ex. raising both arms at the same time
Unilateral: Involving only one side of the body. - ex. lifting just right arm
Ipsilateral: On same side of body
- ex. right hand and right foot are ipsilateral
Contralateral: On opposite sides of body
- ex. right hand and left foot are contralateral
