gritti 15

Question 1

components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

Answer 1

nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 2

components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

Answer 2

respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts

Question 3

basic histological structure of an organ in the respiratory system

Answer 3

respiratory mucosa (supported by lamina propria)
submucosa
cartilage/muscle layer
adventitia

Question 4

what is the typical epithelium of the respiratory tract?

Answer 4

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 5

main 5 cells types of the respiratory tract

Answer 5

-ciliated columnar cells
-goblet cells
-small granules cells (Kulchitsky cells)
-basal cells
-brush cells

Question 6

bownman gland in the olfactory epithelium

Answer 6

a gland in the lamina propria that produces fluids around the cilia of the olfactory neurons favoring the entrance of new odorants

Question 7

main cell types of olfactory epithelium

Answer 7

olfactory neurons
sustentacular cells
basal cells

Question 8

glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

Answer 8

where the axons from the olfactory neurons bearing the same receptor for the same odorants are collected.
multiple glomeruli, each of them contain axons that come from olfactory neurons that bear the same receptor

Question 9

Olfactory ensheathing cells

Answer 9

-glial cells
-are associated to olfactory neurons
-help enwrapping the axons of the olfactory neurons in fascicles and help them to arrive to the correct destination (olfactory bulb)
-in the olfactory bulb these cells helps in unwrap and re-wrap them again to facilitate the sorting to the right golumerulus
all the axons coming from the neurons expressing the same odorant receptor have to be connected to the same glomerulus in the olfactory bulb

Question 10

tunica fibromusculocartilaginea.

Answer 10

skeleton of the trachea made of
-16-20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
-trachealis muscle to fill the empty spaces on the posterior parts of the C shaped rings (smooth muscle)
-Annular ligaments (collagen+elastic connective tissue) that sorroumds the rings

Question 11

which type of muscle is the trachealis?

Answer 11

smooth muscle

Question 12

epithelium of the trachea

Answer 12

respiratory epithelium
columnar pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Question 13

where do we have serous mucous glands in the trachea?

Answer 13

in the submucosa

Question 14

clara cells

Answer 14

start to be present from the bronchioles

secretes surfactants: a mixture of lipids that serves to lubrify and protect the mucosa

Question 15

characteristics of the bronchi

Answer 15

-sometimes folded mucosa
-similar to trachea
-sorrounded by a layer of smooth muscle between the epithelium and the cartilage
-NOT C SHAPED CARTILAGE, BUT PIECES OF CARTILAGE->MAIN DIFFERENCE FROM THE TRACHEA
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 16

bronchioles

Answer 16

-no cartilage
-no glands
-no goblet cells
-well developed layer of smooth muscle
-Clara cells
-the epithelium changes to simple columnar ciliated

Question 17

terminal bronchioles

Answer 17

-simple cuboidal epithelium
-smaller
-well developed smooth muscle
-bundary between the conductive tract and the respiratory tract

Question 18

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 18

-ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium
-small amount of smooth muscle
-prominent Clara cells

Question 19

alveoli structure

Answer 19

-thin wall made of squamous epithelial cells to allow gas exchange and connective tissue
(made of reticular, collagen and elastic fibers for structure and flexibility and of macrophages and leukocytes for defense)
-alveoli are connected by alveolar pore
-inside the connective tissue there are pulmonary capillaries (where oxygen is absorbed into the blood and C02 is released)
-around the opening of each alveolus there is a layer of smooth muscle

Question 20

alveolar cell types

Answer 20

-type I pneumocytes
flat cells connected to eachother by tight junctions
-type II pneumocytes, cuboidal shaped, contain lamellar bodies (full of surfactant components) connected to type I cells by tight junctions
-macrophages
remove particles inspired with air inspiration and get rid of excess surfactant
-capillary endothelial cells are thin but not fenestrated

Question 21

Function of Surfactant

Answer 21

avoids the collapse of alveolar wall

Question 22

blood air barrier in the alveoli is made of

Answer 22

-the epithelium of the alveoli made of type I pneumocytes
-fused basal lamina between type I pmneuomocytes and endothelial cells of the capillaries
-endothelium of the capillaries (thin that allows O2 to enter and C02 to go out)