Grievances under Yuan

Question 1

GY - general economic situation difficulties

Answer 1

Independent attitude of provinces

• inefficient collection
• siphoning of funds
• revenues ran at a third of what they should have been -

end.1913 > China’s foreign debt has reached a staggering $835 million

Upkeep of armies to bolster new ruler was costly

Question 2

GY - some economic improvement

Answer 2

• nnual growth to as high as 13.8 per cent.
• currency doubled against the US dollar and sterling,
• 1913 > Britain agrees to end opium exports from India
• Feb.07 1914> The National Currency Law restricts the right to issue money to the central government
• the beginning of the standardization of Chinese currency

Question 3

GY - economic difficulty April agreemnt

Answer 3

27 April 1913 agreement

• $100 million loan from a six-nation consortium
• control of collection of the salt tax and of how the loan would be spent
• Yuan named a fresh administration that agreed to the proposal.
• if it was repaid in full at the end of its forty-seven-year term, its £10 million would have cost the country nearly £43 million

Question 4

GY - lack of industrialization

Answer 4

• single national highway linked the north with the Yangzi and the south -

highest estimate for the number of modern factories was only 1,759

Question 5

GY - nationalist - April agreemnt

Answer 5

• Europeans were appointed to oversee the salt administration, and head a new Audit Office, to which government departments had to apply for authorization of expenditure

Question 6

GY - Fenby view on nationalism

Answer 6

If the revolution had been meant to assert China’s national rights, the new regime had, within eighteen months, acceded to foreign control never suffered under the Qing. - Fenby

Question 7

GY - nationalist general economic

Answer 7

• foreign loans; more than £40 million of them were raised on railway projects
• domestic bonds had to be issued at a 73% discount

Question 8

GY - 21 demands conditions

Answer 8

15 January 1915

• Tokyo to take virtual control of Shandong, Manchuria and Fujian
• advisers would occupy key positions in the administration
• Police departments would be run jointly, as would big coal and steel works
• Japan would get a railway concession in central China, and become the sole arms supplier.

Question 9

GY - 21 Demands - accepted conditions

Answer 9

May 7 1915

• confirmed Japan’s recent seizure of German ports and operations in Shandong Province
• expanding Japan’s sphere of influence in southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, to include rights of settlement and extraterritoriality, appointment of financial and administrative officials to the government and priority of Japanese investment in those areas
• China barred from giving any further coastal or island concessions to foreign powers except for Japan

Question 10

Response to 21 demands

Answer 10

‘Day of Shame’

• protests broke out in major cities
• Nineteen generals declared their readiness to fight for China
• govt did nothing

Question 11

GY - railroads

Answer 11

• Jun.08 1913 , to 191 > The Yüan government nationalizes railroads
• Jan.21 1914> China contracts a 600 million franc French railroad loan
• on Mar.09, an £8 million British railroad loan is contracted