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Sci Olympiad > Green generation > Flashcards

Green generation Flashcards

1
Q

autochoton

A

organic matter produced within a community.
ex. freshwater plants within a river

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2
Q

allochoton

A

organic matter entering a stream, lake, or ocean but derived from an adjacent terrestrial
ex. falling leaves from a tree located at the banks of the river

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3
Q

trophic pyramid

A

basic structure of interaction in all biological communities

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4
Q

Formula for carrying capacity

A

dN/dt = rN(K-N)/K where r is the intrinsic rate of growth, N is the population density, K is the carrying capacity, and ti is time

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5
Q

What is the name of the structure that results from the accumulation of debris that occurs because of the North Pacific Cycle

A

North Pacific Cycle

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6
Q

pyramids

A

graphical models of the quantitative relationships that exist between the trophic levels of a single ecosystem

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7
Q

pyramid of biomass

A

a graphical portrayal of biomass present in a unit of the territory of different trophic levels
amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time, represents the standing stock of each trophic level.

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8
Q

trophic level

A

comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy

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9
Q

pyramids of productivity

A

each level represents energy per unit area per unit time, takes into account the rate of production over a period of time

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10
Q

pyramid of numbers

A

shows graphically the population, or abundance, in terms of the number of individual organisms involved at each level in a food chain

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11
Q

pyramids

A

graphical models of the quantitative relationships that exist between the trophic levels of a single ecosystem.

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12
Q

pyramids of productivity

A

a pyramid of productivity takes into account the rate of production over a period of time because each level represents energy per unit area per unit time.

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13
Q

gross primary production

A

the total energy in the molecules of the plant

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14
Q

net primary production

A

surplus energy not used by the plant itself

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15
Q

How do you calculate biomass?

A

(mass of each individual)*(number of individuals at each trophic level)

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16
Q

How do you calculate net production

A

Gross production - Respiration

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17
Q

bioaccumulation

A

when plants / animals take up a chemical from the environment and do not excrete it. The chemical builds up in the organism over time to a potentially lethal level

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18
Q

biomagnification

A

refers to the sequence of processes that results in higher concentrations o fhte chemical in organisms at higher levels in the food chain (at higher trophic levels). In this way the chemical’s concentration is magnified from trophic level to trophic level. The concentration of the chemical may not affect lower levels of the food chain but the top levels take in so much it can cause disease or death

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19
Q

grazing food chain

A

one which goes from green plants to grazing herbivores and finally to carnivores

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20
Q

detritus food chain

A

one, which goes from dead organic matter to microorganisms and then to detritus feeding organisms

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21
Q

detritus

A

dead particulate organic material

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22
Q

guild

A

any group of species that exploit the same resources or that exploit different resources in related ways

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23
Q

taxon

A

phylogenetica related group of species; a clade

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24
Q

guild

A

a group of species without regard for taxonomic position that exploit the same class of environmental resources in a smilar way

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25
Q

local guild

A

a group of species that share a common resource and occur in the same community

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26
Q

assemblage

A

a group of phyogentically related species within a community

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27
Q

ensemble

A

a phylogentically bounded group of species that use a similar set of resources within a community

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28
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Not the first “ecologist”, but clearly recognized the importance of organisms’ interactions for evolution by natural selection

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29
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

study of Darwin’s multifaceted struggle for existence

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30
Q

the blob

A

phytoplankton bloom beneath the ice in the Arctic due to major changes in Arctic ecosystems as the planet warms, related to Chukchi Sea Algae

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31
Q

nitrates

A

natural chemicals that are found in the soil, air, and water

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32
Q

What happens when trees are destroyed in a forested region (clear-cut, wildfire)?

A

the concentration of nitrates in streams running thorugh the regions will increase
the average depth of topsoil will decrease
the water temperature in streams running through the region will decrease

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33
Q

What happens when trees are destroyed in a forested region (clear-cut, wildfire)?

A

the concentration of nitrates in streams running thorugh the regions will increase
the average depth of topsoil will decrease
the water temperature in streams running through the region will increase
volume of runoff after rains will increase
the frequency of landslides will increase

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34
Q

What is the best long-term methods of preventing extinctions?

A

habitat protection

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35
Q

What is the Dust Bowl

A

period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian praries during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent the wind erosion was the cause

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36
Q

Aeolian processes / eolian

A

wind’s ability to shape the surface of the Earth

37
Q

Methylmercury

A

Inorganic mercury is converted to methylmercury, which enters the food chain when absorbed by plankton. Plankton are eaten by fish. It is known as the primary ciguatoxin.

38
Q

Passive solar housing

A

use the architectural design, the natural materials or absorptive structures of the building, as an energy saving system. The building itself serves as a solar collector and storage device.

39
Q

Active solar housing

A

requires a separate collector, a storage device and controls linked to pumps or fans that draw heat from storage when it’s available. Generally pumps a heat-absorbing fluid medium through a collector

40
Q

canopy fogging

A

collect biodiversity of insects. Insecticide sprays and insects falls to the ground, collect and observe them

41
Q

quadrant sampling

A

different species within a quadrat (square) is counted, repeated many times

42
Q

transect sampling

A

measure with a rope, and count the number and type of species along the line

43
Q

netting

A

fine mesh nets capture organisms (birds, fish, bats, etc…) identified, measured, blood tests, etc… then released to the wild

44
Q

biodiversity hotsopt

A

place where there is an exceptionally large number of species in a relatively small area.

45
Q

stratification

A

the vertical layering of a habitat or the arrangement of different vegetation in layers in a habitat

46
Q

Raunkiær system

A

categorizing plants using life-form categories

47
Q

Phanerophytes

A

grows stems into the air

48
Q

perennial plant

A

plant that lives more than two years

49
Q

biennial plant

A

plant that lives about two years to complete a full life cycle

50
Q

Annual plant

A

completes its life cycle in one growing season (like spring). Divided into Winter annuals and Spring annuals

51
Q

gymnosperms

A

makes seeds but doesn’t create flowers

52
Q

angiosperms

A

makes seeds and creates flowers

53
Q

population dynamics

A

deals with the variation in time and space of population size and density for one or more species

54
Q

indicator species

A

an organism whose presence, absence, or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition

55
Q

Holdridge life zones system

A

global bioclimatic scheme for the classification of land areas

56
Q

vermicomposting

A

composting with worms in an enclosed worm bin

57
Q

net capacity factor of a power plant

A

ratio of its actual output over a period of time, to its potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full capacity indefinitely

58
Q

largest hydroelectric dam in the world

A

Three Gorges Dam in China

59
Q

ecotone region

A

area of transition between two biomes
has characteristics of both biomes and organisms tend to compete with one another for food and shelter

60
Q

permafrost

A

the permanent frozen subsoil on arctic tundra

61
Q

how to classify biomes

A

by vegetation, soil, climate (temperature & precipitation), wildlife

62
Q

bioremediation

A

Bioremediation is a biotechnical process, which abates or cleans up contamination. It is a type of waste management technique which involves the use of organisms to remove or utilize the pollutants from a polluted area.

63
Q

biostimulation

A

stimulates growth of microbes thus resulting in efficient and quick removal of contaminants by microbes and other bacteria

64
Q

bioaugmentation

A

microorganisms extract the contaminants, but unable to control the growth of microorganisms in the process

65
Q

Intrinsic bioremediation

A

manages the innate capabilities of naturally occurring microbes to degrade contaminants without taking any engineering steps to enhance the process, mostly used in underground locations

66
Q

bioventing

A

process that increases the oxygen or air flow into the unsaturated zone of the soil

67
Q

bioattenuation

A

includes a variety of chemical, physical, and biological processes that reduce the mass, toxicity, volume or concentration of contaminants

68
Q

bioattenuation

A

includes a variety of chemical, physical, and biological processes that reduce the math, toxicity, volume or concentration of contaminants

69
Q

sorption

A

removal of a compound from solution by solid phase constituents

70
Q

volatilization

A

conversion of a liquid chemical into a vapor, which escapes into the atmosphere

71
Q

biosparging

A

process of groundwater remediation as oxygen, and possible nutrients, is injected. When oxygen is injected, indigenous bacteria are stimulated to increase the rate of degradiation. However, biosparging focuses on saturated contaminated zones, specifically related to ground water remediation

72
Q

biopiles

A

used to reduce petroleum pollutants by introducing aerobic hydrocarbons to contaminated soils

73
Q

windrows

A

soil is periodically turned in order to enhance aeration, which allows contaminants present in the soil to be uniformly distributed which accelerates the process of bioremediation

74
Q

landfarming

A

sludge spills, disperses contaminated soil and aerates the soil by cyclically rotating

75
Q

phytoremediation

A

plants are directly used to clean up or contain contaminants in the soil

76
Q

incineration/thermal treatment

A

process where wastes and other unwanted substances are burnt (combustion), waste turns into ash, flue gas, and heat

77
Q

ingestion

A

process of taking in food

78
Q

assimilation

A

the absorption and digestion of food or nutrients by the body or any biological system.

79
Q

excretion

A

waste products of animals

80
Q

Assimilation = Indigestion - Excretion

A

this goes without saying

81
Q

secondary production

A

conversion of assimilated energy

82
Q

net product efficiency

A

production / assimilation

83
Q

Ecological efficiency

A

energy supply available to trophic level (N+1)/energy consumed by trophic level N

84
Q

homeotherms

A

warm-blooded
animals that maintain a constant internal body temperature (mammals and birds)

85
Q

poikilotherms

A

cold-blooded
living organisms that do not regulate their temperatures internally
(all invertebrates, some vertebrates, and all plants, even though plants don’t have blood)

86
Q

Residence time of energy formula

A

Residence time of energy = energy in biomass / net productivity

87
Q

Residence time of energy for biomes

A

forests: 20~25 years
grasslands: 0~5 years
lakes and oceans: 10~15 days

88
Q

Reason that pyramid of biomass is inverted in aquatic ecosystems

A

Producers like phytoplankton and zooplankton are tiny and have limited biomass. They also reproduce and die quickly.

Sci Olympiad (4 decks)

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