Green Criminology

Question 1

What are the 3 roots of Green Criminology?

Answer 1

• Critical Criminology
• Marxism/Radical Criminology
• Environment Movement

Question 2

When was Green Criminology developed?

Answer 2

Developed around in the 1990s+

Question 3

What is green Criminology and what do they do?

Answer 3

Focuses on environmental consequences of acts and omissions.

• Criticises the narrow anthropocentric approach of mainstream criminology
• Adopts an ecocentric approach to crime

Question 4

Transgressive means?

Answer 4

Interested in activities traditionally not of interest to criminology.

Question 5

Green Criminology however is =

Answer 5

• Not one distinct green criminology

- A perspective rather than a theory

Question 6

What is Radical Green Criminology?

Answer 6

Focus on environmental harms & anti-capitalism

Question 7

What is Environmental Criminology?

Answer 7

Situational crime prevention extended to environmental crimes (e.g. poaching)

Question 8

Green Criminology informed by the idea of eco justice in three ways?

Answer 8

• Environmental Justice
• Ecological Justice
• Species Justice

Question 9

What does Mainstream Criminology see green crime as?

Answer 9

Green crime as any activity that breaches as law that protects the environment

Question 10

How does Green Criminology expand on green crime?

Answer 10

Expands this to focus on environmental harms even where there is no legislation in place (so not crime per se)

Question 11

Define Illegal Harms?

Answer 11

Harms deemed as unlawful and liable to legal sanctions (e.g. dumping toxic waste)

Question 12

Define Legal Harms?

Answer 12

Harms that are not defined as crime, but still cause harm to humans, non human animals, plants etc.

Question 13

criticisms of Green Crime?

Answer 13

• No agreement on definition of green crime, different scholars use different definitions
• Difficult to measure = based on incidents? Convictions? Penalties?

Question 14

What did Lynch (1990) study?

Answer 14

The study of crimes against humanity through environmental destruction

Question 15

Give examples of Lynch studies?

Answer 15

• Examinations of the testing of chemical compounds on animal and human subjects and the production of commodities and chemicals that have negative effects on all forms of living organisms.

Question 16

What did Carrabine et al (2014) suggest about; Primary and Secondary Green Crimes?

Answer 16

Primary GC - harms directly inflicted on the environment through human actions, e.g. air pollution, deforestation.

Secondary GC - arise out of flouting rules that seek to regulate environment harms

Question 17

Difference between harms of Green Crimes vs those of street crime?

Answer 17

Lynch et al, 2013

1) Larger number of victims
2) Also more widely dispersed
3) Wide range of victims
4) Repeat and ongoing victimisation
5) Financial costs significantly higher

Question 18

what are the 5 main causes that leads to harm in the environment?

Answer 18

• Human beings
• Technology
• Overpopulation
• Capitalism
• Corporations

Question 19

what is Capitalism blamed for to the causes of harm in Green Criminology? (4 reasons)

Answer 19

• Resource depletion
• Disposal problems
• Corporate colonisation of nature
• Species decline

Question 20

what is one of the largest illegal trades in the world?

Answer 20

Illegal wildlife trade

• Second largest illegal trade and increasing
• Role of transnational organised crime
• Threatens 1/3 of world’s species

Question 21

What are Environmental Offences?

Answer 21

Contributing to climate change = illegal felling of trees, air pollution, illegal cleaning of land

Question 22

What are Regulatory offences?

Answer 22

Arising from climate change policy changes = Carbon trading fraud, Carbon offset misreporting

Question 23

What are Associated Offences?

Answer 23

As a consequence of climate change = food riots, ecoterrorism, adverse events and violent crime (Hurricane Katrina)