GRE Psychology Extra Flashcards
Inhibition Theory
forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between the original learning and the later attempted recall
SEPTAL RAGE
rage like behavior caused by damage to septal nuclei
VENTRO MEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS
satiety center of the brain
damage results in being very hungry which leads to hyperhagia
HYPERPHABIA
excessive eating
COLLICULI
2 nuclei in midbrain associated with involuntary reflex responses, triggered by visual or auditory stimuli
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
receives visual input
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
receives sensory info from auditory system, plays a role in reflective reactions
SUPERIOR COLLICULULS
receives visual input
PHYLOGENY
the study of evolutionary development
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES
activate dramatically during puberty
WILDER PENFIELD
Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to map out different parents of the brain during surgery
METHYLPHENIDATE
Ritalin/ADHD Medication
INDUCED MOTION
Stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves
ARNOLD GESELL
nativist who believed that development was due primarily to maturation
D.W. WINNICOTT
object relations theorist
SEPTAL NUCLEI
primary pleasure center in the brain
inhibits aggression
PHENOTHIAZINES
reduce the sensitivity of dopamine receptors
PAIN RELIEVING NARCOTICS
morphine
opium
heroin
JOHANNES MULLER
law of specific nerve energies; each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy
JOHN DEWEY
1859-1952
believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole
wrote an article that criticized the concept of reflect arc
PIERRE FLOURENS
early 19th century
the first person to study functions of the major sections of the brain (by extirpation-ablation) worked on pigeons
FRANZ GALL
1758-1828
earliest theorist on behavior, intellect and personality and how it relates to brain anatomy
doctrine of phrenology-shapes of skull
What are 2 regions of the frontal lobe?
prefrontal lobes
motor cortex
PREFRONTAL LOBES
executive function
associative area
surprises and directs the operations of the other brain regions
perception, memory, emotions, impulse control, long term planning
MOTOR CORTEX
voluntary motor movements
Parts of limbic system
septal nuclei
amygdala
hippocampus
Function of limbic system?
interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain
associated with emotion and memory
DIANA BAUMBRIND
Studied relationship between parental styles and disciplines
authoritative
authoritarian
permissive
S.S. STEVENS
Developed Steven’s power law as an alternative to Fechner’s Law
MAX WERTHEIMER
1880-1942
phi henomenon
Gestalt Psychologist
SIR FRANCIS GALTON
His work helped understand how people differ in their sensory ability
First researcher interested in individual differences
Measured sensory ability of 10,000 people over a span of 6 years
SIR CHARLES SHERRINGTON
English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synaptic communication between neurons
THEORY OF ISOMORPHISM
1:1 correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain
DEPOLARIZATION
moves voltage to threshold
triggering action potential spike
EMIL KRAEPELIN
1883
published first book to classify mental illnesses - a precursor to the DSM
JOHN DARLEY & BIBB LATANE
performed experiment where they had people listen to someone getting electrocuted
DARYL BEM
developed the self perception theory- the alternative to cognitive dissonance
EDWARD HERRING
developed opponent process theory of color vision
SOLOMON ASCH
studied conformity by asking subject the compare the length of lines
OCD DISORDERS
body dysmorphia
hoarding
trichotillomania (hair pulling)
excoriation (skin picking)
CONVERSION DISORDER
formerly hysteria
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
ex. paralysis
MINIMAL JUSTIFICATION EFFECT
when external justification is minimal
also called: insufficient justification effect
TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
early children speech that omits too many words or word endings
ECTOMORPH
inhibited, intellectual personality
ENOMORPH
softer, curvier body
MESOMORPH
muscular body type, big heart
REPEATED-MEASURE DESIGN
same as within-subject
uses multiple measures on the same subject over the same or multiple different times
WITHIN-SUBJECT DESIGN
pairing each subject with himself by using the same subject in both groups
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
technique of random selection, aiming to be proportionate to real world population
TRUE EXPERIMENT CHARACTERISTICS
independent variable manipulated
subjects are randomly selected
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Independent variable not manipulated
just gathering data that already is and seeing if there’s correlation
VARIABLE
a factor that varies in amount or kind and can be measured
WILLIAM STERN
developed the concept of ratio IQ
compared mental age with chronological age
JAMES MCKEEN CATTELL
introduced mental testing in the U.S.
OSWALD KULPE
studied imageless thoughts
disagreed with Wundt which stated that whatever you think of, you imagine in your mind
Who established the first psychology lab?
Wilhelm Wundt in 1879
Z-SCORE
your score - the medium/ standard deviation
EMMERT’S LAW
describes the relationship between size and apparent distance
the further the object appears to be the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
-uncomfortable when not center of attention
-provocative
-shallow emotions
-impressionistic speech
-dramatic
-suggestible
-views relationships as more intimate than they are
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists of sensory and motor neurons
neurons distributed through the skin and muscles
transmits information through different fibers
afferent-into the brain
efferent-exit the brain
Where is dopamine found in the brain?
basal ganglia
DISASSOCIATIVE DISORDER TYPES
-dissociative fugue
-amnesia
-identity
-depersonalitzation disorder
Differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres?
Left: letters, words, language, related sounds, speech, reading, writing, arithmetic, complex voluntary movement
Right: faces, music, emotions, creativity, sense of direction
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER (STPD)
-unusual behavior
-distorted view of reality
-a pattern of intense discomfort with close relationships and social interactions
NOMOTHETIC
focus on groups when studying personality (finding commonalities)
IDIOGRAPHIC
studying personality on individual case studies
(Allport)
SYNATAX
grammatical arrangement
TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES
tells us how we can change one structure into another
ex. from a sentence in an active voice to passive voice, from question to statement
BASE RATE FALLACY
ignoring numerical info and instead focusing on stereotypical factors
REPRESENTATIVES HEURISTICS
categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical or representative image of the category
AMES ROOM
illusion of room and size perception, triangle room
DONALD BROADBENT
proposed filter theory of attention
selective attention serves as a filter
KINESTHETIC SENSE
awareness of body movement and position
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
receptors for balance in inner ear
behind and above cochlea
GATE THEORY OF PAIN
Theory that there is a gating mechanism, in the spinal cord that turns pain signals on and off
RONALD MELZACK AND PATRICK WALL
proposed gate theory of pain
can turn pain on/off
located in the spinal cord
PATH OF TRAVEL FOR TOUCH
transduction in receptors
somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe
4 CATEGORIES OF TOUCH
-pressure
-pain
-warmth
-cold
SOMATOSENSORY MAP
PATH OF TRAVEL FOR TASTE AND SMELL
Taste: taste center – thalamus
Smell: olfactory bulb
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
where smell receptors in nose are found
VON BERESY
1960s
empirical studies led to travel wave theory of wave perception which at least partially supported Helmholt’z place- resonance theory
WEVER AND BRAY
proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception
FREQUENCY THEORY
basilar membrane vibrates as a whole and rate of vibration equals frequency of stimulus
1 tone per second
S.E.M.
standard error of measurement
DOMAIN REFERENCE TESTING or CRITERION-REFERENCE TESTING
evaluates what the test taker knows about a particular domain (subject)
NORM-REFERENCES TESTING
assessing someone’s performance in terms of how they perform in comparison to others
CHI-SQUARE TEST
works with categorical date rather than numerical data
nominal-categorizing
ANOVA
compares the means of more than 2 groups
estimates how much group means differ from reach other by comparing the between group variance to the within group variance called F ratio
F ratio= between group variance/within group variance
T-Test
used to compare the means of 2 groups
NAME FOR PROBABILITY OF TYPE II ERROR
beta
TYPE II ERROR
false negative, error of omission
Null is FALSE and Null is ACCEPTED
TYPE I ERROR
rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s actually tru
Null is TRUE, Null is Rejected
ERRORS IN SIGNIFICANCE TESTING
SYMBOL NAME FOR CRITERION OF SIGNIFICANCE
alpha
FACTOR ANALYSIS
accounts for the interrelationship found among various variables to see how they hang together
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS
type of descriptive statistics that measures to what extent 2 variables are related
Z-SCORE
subtract the mean of the distribution from your score and divide the difference by standard deviation
TIME OUT
removing the client from reinforcing situation
SUBTRACTIVE COLOR MIXTURE
occurs when we mix pigments
yellow, blue, red
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
FESTINGER AND CARLSMITH EXPERIMENT (1959)
paying people to tell others that the experiment was interesting
$20- no convinced themselves that the experiment was interesting
$1-very convinced
SLEEP STAGE 2
Thera waves
slower, fewer faves per second
K complex
CATEGORIES OF DISORDERS IN THE DSM-5
-neurodevelopmental
-schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic conditions
-mood disorders
-anxiety disorders (10)
-obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
-trauma and stress related disorders
-somatic symptoms and related
-dissasociative disorders
-eating
-elimation
-sleep-wake
-personality (10)
-sexual disfunction and paraphilias
-gender dysphoria
-impulse control
-substance related
CEREBRAL CORTEX PARTS AND FUNCTION
-frontal
-parietal
-occipical
-temporal
sometimes called neo cortex
lots of bumps and folds-convolutions provides increased cellular mass
HYPOTHALAMUS
feeding
fighting
fleeing
fucking
Which drugs closely mimic the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
hallucinogenics
LSD
mescaline
SYSTEMS PSYCHOLOGY
human behavior must be thought of in context of complex systems
applications include organizational psychology and family therapy
People: Baker and Bateson
FREQUENCY
number of cycles per second
measured in HERTZ
1 Hz=1 cycle per sound
shorter the wavelength -higher the frequency
APHASIA
impairment of language function
Who is the founder of developmental psychology?
Stanley Hall
KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME
in males
XXY
pairs often with intellectual disability
MOTION AFTEREFFECT
if a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops
EYE PARTS
What does fovea contain?
only cones
Parts of psychoanalysis
-free association
-dream interpretation
-resistence
-transference/countertransference
PONZO ILLUSSION
“BARNUM” EFFECT
tendency of people to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality predictions
EMPERICAL CRITERION KEYING APPROACH
testing questions on patients and non patients
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
often in chronic alcoholics
disturbances in memories
caused by B1/Thiamine deficiency
GUILFORD
divorced divergent thinking
test to measure creativity
What is serotonin responsible for?
mood
eating
sleeping
arousal
RIASEL SYSTEM
Holland’s model of occupational themes
realistic
investigative
artistic
social
enterprising
conventional
What are of life does interest testing pertains to?
work
WUND ILLUSION
What kind of disorder was first type of electrotherapy aimed to tackle?
Schizophrenia
Cereletti and Bini
8 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generatively vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair
WALTER CANNON
physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system including the fight or flight response
investigated homeostasis
proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
conceptualization of homeostasis
MUZAFER SHERIF
conformity expriment
Robert’s Cave (boy’s camp)
superordinate goals
group made to debate if they saw a moving dot in the dark or not (auto kinetic effect)
INNATE RELEASING MECHANISM (IRM)
a mechanism in the animal’s nervous system that connects certain things with certain physiological responses
SUPERNATURAL STIMULUS
a model more effective at triggering a fixed action potential than the actual sign stimulus found in nature
RELEASER (SIGN STIMULUS)
a sign stimulus that triggers social behavior between animals
SIGN STIMULUS
features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular fixed action pattern
NIKO TINBERGEN
ethnologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations
stickleback fish experiment- red bellies
FIXED ACTION PATTERN (FAP)
a stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by animal; innate
Founder of problem solving concept?
Thorndike
Kohler
Founder of cognitive maps concept?
Tolman
Founder of observational learning concept?
Bandura
Founder of preparedness concept?
Garcia
Founder of instinctual drift concept?
Brelands
KELLER BRELAND AND MARION BRELAND
discovered the studied instinctual drift
raccoon coin experiment
FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
Gordon Allport
given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself
ex. enjoying hunting past the point of having to hunt to eat
HOVLAND
studied attitude change
RETICULAR FORMATION
neural structure in the brainstem
keeps cortex awake and alert
regulates arousal, alertness and attention
damage can cause sleeping all the time
HERING ILLUSSION
INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS (IPSPs)
decrease likelihood of action potentials
What is the British empiricist school of thought?
believed that all knowledge is build through experience
John Locke -tabula rasa
Names of British empirical school of thought believers
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
George Berkley
David Hume
James Mill
John Stuart
DAVID ROSENHAN
investigated the effect of being labelled mentally ill by having pseudo-patients admitted to mental hospitals (1973)
BRAINSTEM PARTS
hindbrain and midbrain
THALAMUS
“way station” for sensory info
structure within the forebrain that serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information (all senses except smell)
after receiving sensory info, the thalamus sorts them and transmits them to areas of cerebral cortex
Where does osmoregulation take place in the brain?
hypothalamus
APHAGIA
not eating or drinking
usually from damage to the lateral hypothalamus
GENERAL PARESIS
disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis and death
(caused by syphilis)
ELEANOR GIBSON AND RICHARD WALK
developed the visual cliff experiment
used to study depth perception
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
infant development
primary: centered around body
secondary: centered towards manipulation of objects
JEROME KAGAN
conducted landmark longitudinal study to examine development trajectories of children’s temperament
Who’s considered the father of developmental psychology?
Stanley Hall
FUNCTIONALISM
stream of consciousness;
studies how the mind functions to help people adapt to environments
attacked structuralism
James, Dewey
PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
when extinction takes longer since reinforcement is occasional
ex. gambling
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
process of finding meaning in life
HELMHOLTZ
developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision;
developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception
GUSTAV FECHNER
developed Fechner’s law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of sensation
STEREOSCOPE
gives impression of depth to a flat picture
stereopsis research
19th century
What are simple cells?
give information about orientation
What are complex cells?
give information about movement
What are hypercomplex cells?
give information about shape
WALTER MISCHEL
critic of trait theories of personality
believed that human behavior is determined by the characteristics of a situation rather than a person
SYSTEMIC DESENSITIZATION
treatment for phobias
anxiety producing situation followed by relaxation technique
developed by Joseph Wolpe
IMPLOSION THERAPY
having the client imagine a fearful situation
Flooding (therapy)
experiencing conditioned stimulus (fear) without the unconditioned stimulus that elicited fear
DIFFERENTIAL REINFROCEMENT
another name for shaping
VARIABLE INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT
behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a varying period has elapsed since the last reinforcement
most resistant to extinguishing
ex. parent responding to crying child
FIXED INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT
behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement
ex. bi-monthly paycheck
VARIABLE- RATIO REINFORCEMENT
behavior will be reinforced after a varying number of responses
ex. slot machine
FIXED- RATIO REINFORCEMENT
behavior will be reinforced after a fixed number of responses
CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT
a general name for therapies that attempt to change the client’s behavior by altering the consequences of that behavior
ex. behavioral contracts
CONDITIONED AVERSION
conditional aversion paired with aversive unconditioned stimulus associated with punishment
ex. alcohol, smoking
FEATURE DETECTION THEORY
noise and clarity in the image
SELF SERVING BIAS
one takes credit for things that go well and blames others when things do not go well
OTTO KERNBERG
object relations theorist
JOHN A. SWETS
refined ROC curves in signal detection theory
RECEPTION TRANSDUCTION PROJECTION AREAS
sensory system path
Retina
back of the eye
screen filled with neural elements and blood vessels
image-detecting part of eye
DUPLEXITY or DUPLICITY THEORY OF VISION
states that retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors
PETTY AND CACIOPPO
developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes of persuasion)
EAGLY
suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender but different social roles
LEON FESTINGER
cognitive dissonance theory
conflict + attitude =not in sync
social comparison theory
LENNEBERG, REBELSKY AND NICHOLS (1965)
showed that babbling exists in def and hearing children but only haring children progress to talking
ROGER SPERRY AND MICHAEL GAZZANGIA
investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using “split-brain” studies
PATH OF VISION THROUGH THE EYE
optic chiasm
literal gericulate nucleus
thalamus
visual cortex
occipital lobe
superior colliculus
DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS
stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behavior will have consequences
2 TYPES OF NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTS
ESCAPE: the behavior removes something undesirable
AVOIDANCE: the organism gets a warning that an aversive stimulus will soon occur and the appropriate response completely avoids the aversive behavior
another name for operant conditioning
instrumental conditioning
Anatomical subdivisions of the brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Forebrain subdivisions
cerebral cortex- complex perceptual-cognitive and behavioral processes
basal ganglia- movement
limbic system - emotion and memory
thalamus- sensory relay station
hypothalamus- hunger and thirst, emotion
Midbrain subdivisions
inferior and superior colliculi- sensorimotor reflexes
Hindbrain subdivisions
cerebellum- refined motor movements
medulla oblongata - vital functioning
reticular formation- arousal, alertness, attention
Neurons in the eye
horizontal
amacrine
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
CONTINGENCY (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING)
conditional stimulus is a good signal for unconditioned stimulus
BLOCKING EXPERIMENT
hissing noise + rats + lights
The conditioned stimulus is a good signal for unconditioned stimulus and provides non redundant information about the assurance of the unconditioned stimulus
ROBERT RESCORLA
performed experiments that showed that continuity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning
Type of conditioning where we add additional stimulus
second-order conditioning
sensory preconditioning
ACQUISITION (in conditioning)
term used to describe the time period when a person is learning association of stimuli
Another name for classical conditioning
respondent conditioning
E.O. WILSON
developed sociobiology
JANIS
developed concept of groupthink
ALEXANDER THOMAS AND STELLA CHESS
longitudinal study of temperament in children
3 categories:
-easy
-slow to warm up
-difficult
WOLP
developed method of systemic desensitization to eliminate phobias
WATSON
Little Albert
acquisition of phobias due to classical conditioning
INCLUSIVE FITNESS
altruism is not problematic
takes into account the number of offspring that will live to be old enough to reproduce and the # of other relatives who live to reproductive age
REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS
altruism is problematic
takes around the number of offspring who can reproduce
CHARLES DARWIN
natural selection
KARL VON FRISCH
ethnologist who studied communication in honeybees- dancing
RANGE
highest score minus the lowest score
MCCLELLAND AND RUMECHART
suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing (PDP)
ARTHUR JENSEN
studied intelligence
claimed you could not teach someone to score higher on an IQ test
MILLER
found that the capacity of short-term memory is seven plus minutes two items
LUCHINS
used the water jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem-solving
LOUIS THURSTONE
used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities-factors more specific than g but more general than s
CHARLES SPEARMAN
suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in the amount of a general factor called g and a specific factor called s
HYPOTHALAMUS SUBDIVISIONS
lateral hypothalamus
ventromedial hypothalamus
anterior hypothalamus
FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
serves homeostatic functions
emotional experience during high arousal states
aggressive behavior and sexual behavior
controls hormone function of autonomic nervous system
PREFRONTAL LOBE
executive management
emotional arousal
impulse control
ORDINAL VARIABLE
something that can be divided into ranked categories that doe snot have equal numerical values dividing them
REFLEX ARC
natural circuits that control reflexive behavior
BROCA’S AREA
speech production
dominant hemisphere of brain-usually left
RAYMOND CATTELL
divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout lifespan
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
7 defines intelligence types:
linguistic ability
logical-methematical
spacial
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
interpersonal
interpersonal
INTENSITY (sound)
the amplitude or heigh of the air pressure wave measured in bells
leant of bell= decibelles
more decibels = noisier
above 140=painful
VENTRICLES
fluid filled cavities in the middle of the brain that link up with the spinal canal that runs doesn’t the middle of the spinal cord
enlarged ventricles seen in schizophrenia
BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES
behaviorists considered symptoms to be of of the disorder
helpful with phobias, impulse control ,and personal care for people with disabilities and hospital patients
HOWARD GARDNER
proposed the theory of multiple intelligence that divides intelligence into seven different types; all of which are equally important;
traditional IQ tests measure only two of seven types
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
instability of behavior
mood
self image
suicide
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
1 major depressive episode
2-week period w/ prominent and persistent depressed mood or loss of interest in all or almost all activities
appetite disturbances
weight changes
sleep disturbances
difficulty concentrating or thinking
decreased energy
feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
thoughts of death or attempts of suicide
LAW OF PROXIMITY
elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
THE LAW OF GOOD CONTINUATION
elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together
PAIVIO
proposed dual code hypothesis
ROBERT STERNBERG
proposed triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types:
componential
experiential
contextual
GULFORD
devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity
EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS (EPSPs)
increase likelihood of action potential
PREPAREDNESS
in born tendencies to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences
WOLFGANG KOHLER
studied insight in problem-solving with chimps
disagreed with Thorndike
said that animals were forced into trail-error learning because of a situation
RETRICULAR FORMATION
hindbrain associated with high and low arousal
GEORGE KELLY
based personality theory on the notion of individual as a scientist
CAROL GILLIGAN
suggested that males and females have different orientations towards morality
EDWARD TITCHENER
method of introspection
found structuralism
KAREN HORNEY
psychodynamic theorist who suggested that there were tree ways to relate to others:
moving towards
moving against
moving away from
neurotic personality is governed by 10 needs:
affection and approval
need to exploit others
need for self sufficiency and independence
STANLEY SCHACHTER AND J.E. SINGER
Schater-Singer two factor theory of emotion
3 sub divisions of the brain
hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain
HINDBRAIN
where brain meets spinal cord
primary functions include balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion and general arousal
sleeping and waking
MIDBRAIN
sensorimotor reflexes
FOREBRAIN
complex perception, cognitive and behavioral process
influences on human behavior
SANDRA BEM
suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions
androgyny- very masculine and feminine at the same time
gender identity related to personality
MULLER -LYER ILLUSSION
PROXIMAL VS DISTAL STIMULI
distal- actual object or event out there in the world
proximal- information or sensory receptors
PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER and CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
formerly dysthymia
similar to major depressive and bipolar but less severe symptoms
FREUD’S 5 STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
REACTION FORMATION
defense mechanism- patient responds with opposite of what they feel
Treatment modality for enhancing skills of severely intellectual disabled
token economy
Which sensory modality is integrated with the limbic system
olfactory
What type of therapy is rational-emotive therapy
cognitive behavioral
What is VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS responsible for?
appetite regulation
What is the view on feature detectors in auditory and visual systems?
They have been demonstrated in both
HEINRICK KLUVER AND PAUL BUCY
studied loss of normal ear and range reactions in monkeys results from the bilateral removal of the amygdala
studied amygdala’s role in emotions
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
NORMAN TRIPLETT
investigated the effect of competition on performance
-perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of others
-perform worse on complicated tasks when in presence of other
BRENDA MILNER
studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M (a famous patient) who’s hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy
MCGUIRE
studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH)
hunger center
receptors able to detect when body needs more food or fluids
plays a role in rage and fighting behaviors
STANLEY SCHACHTER
studied the relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation
JAMES OLDS AND PETER MILNER
demonstrated the existence of a pleasure center in the brain
using self stimulation studied in rates
OBJECTIVE DIMENSIONS OF SOUND
frequency: # of cycles per second; hertzes
intensity: amplitude of sound wave; decibels
HUBEL AND WIESEL
studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex and hypercomplex cells
1984- Nobel prize
MISINFORMATION EFFECT
eyewitness testimony is not reliable and prone to distortion based on post event information
AMYGDALA
plays a role in defensive and aggressive behaviors
dual effect on behavior
when damaged aggression and fear are reduced
lesions lead to hypersexuality
GEORGE BERKELEY
developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth
RECIEVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC curve)
use to graphically summarize a subject’s responses in a signal detection experiment
STRUCTURALISM
breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection
people: Titchener
EUGEN BLEULER
coined the term schizophrenia (dementia precox -split brain)
BENJAMIN WHORF
hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived
TRIARCHIC THEORY
3 aspects of intelligence:
componential (perfoamnce tests)
experimental (creativity)
contextual (street smarts)
Robert Sternberg
PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES
verbal comprehension
number ability
perceptual speed
general reasoning
Thurnstone
ELEANOR MACCOBY AND CAROL JACKLIN
found support for gender differences in verbal ability
better verbal abilities in girls
WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS or LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS
the way we think about the world is determined by the content of language
ex. having multiple words for 1 thing can create a variety of thoughts
LATERAL INHIBITION
adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another
sharpens and highlights borders between light and dark areas
TURNER’S SYNDROME
females with only one x chromosome
failure to develop secondary sex characteristics
CENTRATION
tendency to be able to focus on only one aspect of phenomenon
PETTY AND CACIOPPO ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL OF PERSUASION
2 routes of persuasion:
central- if issues is important
peripheral - if issue is not important
VALUE HYPOTHESIS
risky behavior is valued in certain situations therefore explains risky shift
GRADED POTENTIALS
intensity proportional to external stimulation
HYPERPOLARIZATION
reactive refractory period begins
CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION BEGINS in…
terminal buttons
action potential releases neurotransmitters into synapse
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
movement of conduction along the myelin sheath
ERIC KANDEL
demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (aplasia) is associated with changes in neurotransmitters
ACETOCHOLINE
transmits nerve impulses in the muscle
in Alzheimers- loss of acetylcholine in neurons that connect to hippocampus
MONOAMINES
also called catecholamines or biogenic amines
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-dopamine
SUBJECTIVE MEASURES OF SOUND
pitch: experience of the frequency of sound
loudness: experience of the intensity of sound
timber: quality of sound
SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS
-delusions (P)
-hallucinations (P)
-disorganized thoughts (P)
-inappropriate affect (N)
-catatonic behavior (P)
-disorganized speech (P)
-flat effect (N)
-blunted emotional expressions (N)
WHOLE-REPORT PROCEDURE
recall of 9 items
-evidence of capacity of memory
another name for visual memory
iconic memory
SENSORY MEMORY
fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli
STAGE THEORY OF MEMORY
several different memory systems and each has different functions
memories enter various systems in specific order
3 systems:
sensory
short term
long term
GENERATION -RECOGNITION
an attempt to explain why you can usually recognize more than you can recall
suggests that recall involves the same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition
2 most common methods of retrieval
recall: reproducing info you have previously been exposed to
recognition: realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you’ve seen or heard before
Mental processes involved in memory
encoding: putting into memory
storage: retaining info in memory
retrieval: recovering the info in memory
METHODS OF SAVINGS
measures how much of the original list is memorized after repeated reading
RESEARCH METHODS USED TO MEASURE COGNITION
reaction time
eye movements
brain imaging
EDWARD TITCHENER
1867-1927
structuralism
introspection
studied higher mental processes
HERMANN EBBINGHAUS
studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings
developed the forgetting curve
CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
variables that could potentially affect the hypothesis
THEORY OF MOTIVATION
also known as drive-reduction theory suggests that the goal of behavior is to reduce biological drives
CLARK HULL
theory of motivation or drive reduction theory
EDWARD THORNDIKE
proposed law of effect
used puzzle boxes to study problem-solving in cats
functionalist system of thought focusing on how the mind functioned in adapting to the environment
What are semicircular cancels involved in?
vestibular sense
Factory for dispute between place theory and frequency theory
basil membrane
What determines perceived size?
retinal size and perceived distance
YERKES AND DODSON
developed Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal
DANIEL KAHNEMAN AND AMOS TVERSKY
investigated the use of heuristics in decision making
studied the availability of heuristic and the representative heuristics
ENCODING SPECIFICITY
assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding
SIR FREDERICK BARTLETT
investigated the roles of schemata in memory;
concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process
“War of Ghosts” native American folk tale subjects reconstructed the story in line with their own culture and schemas
RETROACTIVE INHIBITION
occurs when you forget what you learned earlier as you learned something new
PROACTIVE INHIBITION
what you learned earlier interfered with what you learn later
ELIZABETH LOFTUS
studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions
OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY
under the realm of psychodynamic theories of personality
“object” symbolic representation of a significant part of young child’s personality
Melanie Kelin, DW Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernverg
Measure of Central Tendency
mode (bimodal, multimodal)
median
mean
DISCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
concerned with organizing, describing, quantifying and summarizing observations
INFERNAL STATISTICS
making an inference from the sample involved and providing an estimate of popular characteristics
EXTERNAL VALIDITY
how generalizable the results are
how they relate to application in general public
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
any cues that suggest to the subject what the researcher expects from them
HELMHOLT’Z PLACE-RESONANCE THEORY
each different pitch causes a different place on the basil membrane to vibrate
AUDITORY PATHWAY
auditory nerve
superior olivary complex
inferior colliculus
medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus
temporal cortex
ORGAN OF CORTI
rests on basilar membrane along its entire length
thousands of hair cells-receptors of hearing
COCHLEA
inner ear
contains salt water like fluid called cochlear fluid
contains basilar membrane
OVAL WINDOW
entrance to inner ear
OSSICLES
3 tiny bones in ear
hammer
anvil
stirrup
BIPOLAR DISORDER
Bipolar I - manic episodes
Bipolar II - hypomania (no impaired functioning or psychotic features, but an individual might be more energetic and optimistic)
formerly manic depression
depression and mania
elevated mood
decreased need for sleep
flight of ideas
elevated self-esteem
impaired judgement
lower sexual restraints
OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY
therapeutic approach centering around the analyst
patient as the object
Winicott
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
what is it that you want to test
how will the performance on the test fit into the theoretical framework
CROSS VALIDATION
testing criterion validity on a second sample
CONCURRENT VALIDITY
test given at the same time as the criterion measure
ex. driving written and road test
PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
test measures the probability of future performance
CRITERION VALIDITY
how well the test can predict the individual’s performance on establish test of the same skill
FACE VALIDITY
if test appears to measure what it’s supposed to measure
CONTENT VALIDITY
test coverage of a specific area of knowledge
VALIDITY
extent to which the test measures what its supposed to measur
SPLIT HALF RELIABILITY
test taker takes only one test but it is divided into equal halves
scores on one half need to be correlated with the other half
ALTERNATE- FORM METHOD
two different forms of a test that are taken 2 different times
Another name for binocular disparity
Stereopsis
Another name for eardrum
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
PINNA
outermost/fleshy part of the ear
channels sound waves into auditory canal
3 sections of the ear
outer
middle
inner
DEVIATION QUOTIENTS
version of IQ quotient by Stanford-Binet in 1960
how far away the person’s score is from average score for that age group
BINOCULAR PARALAX
degree of disparity between the eyes due to slight differences in horizontal position of the eye
JOHN BOWLBY
studied attachement in children
pre attachement
3 mo.-disriminates between familiar and unfamiliar
6 mo. -only mother
9-12 mo. -stranger anxiety
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG NAMES
thorazine
chlorpromazine
phenothiazine
haloperidol (Haldol)
SIMULTANEOUS BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST
target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by darker stimulus
process called later inhibition
FECHNER’S LAW
expressed the relationship between the intensity of the sensation and the intensity of the stimulus
determines that the sensation increases more slowly as the intensity increases
Q-SORT
ordering of objects tests
POGGENDORFF ILLUSSION
AXON HILLOCK
where axon meets cell body and action potential originates
SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
language shows cultural nuance based on the native speakers perception of things described in language
HANS SELYE’S 3 STAGE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
- alarm stage- body goes into fight or flight to deal with acute stress
- resistance- body adapted to prolonged stress
- exhaustion- body collapses from prolonged stage
MOTION PARALLAX
objects closer to you on fixation point appear to move in the same direction as you
DISTRUPTIVE MOOD DYSREGULATION DISORDER (DMDD)
present in childhood
negative mood
poor control of temper
minor provocations
BASAL GANGLIA
coordinates muscle movement as it receives info from the cortex and relays into via the extrapyramidal motor system to the brain and spinal cord
keeps movements and posture smooth
plays a role in Parkinsons and maybe in schizophrenia
ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS
increase in aggression and sexual behavior
plays role in arousal
feeding
fighting
fleeing
fucking
HERMAN WITKIN
studied field dependence and field independence using the rod and frame test
personality and perception of world
classified people by their degree of field dependence
FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres
language processing to problem solving
impulse control and long term planning
J. J. Gibson
studied depth cues that help us perceive depth
MARTIN SELINGMAN
conducted studies of learned helplesness
placed dogs in cells w/ high walls, shocked the floor
depression studies
GORDON ALLPORT
trait theorist
concept of functional autonomy
distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality
3 types of trait dispositions:
cardinal
central
secondary
NOREPRINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE)
controls alertness and wakefulness
mood disorders (too little) depression, (too much) mania
PERSONALITY DISORDER CLUSTERS
Type A:
paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid
Type B:
antisocial, histrionic, narcisistic, boardeline
Type C:
avoidant, obsessive compulsive, dependent
FEATURE DETECTION THEORY
certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli
3 types of cells: simple, complex, and hypercomplex
PONS
above medulla,
contains sensory and motor tracks between cortex and the medulla
JOHN DOLLARD AND NEAL MILLER
behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework
also known for his work on approach avoidance conflicts
EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS
increase the likelihood that neurons will fire again
Acetyholine
Glutamate
Histamine
Dopamine
CARL HOVLAND MODEL OF ATTITUDE CHANGE
- communicator
- communication
- situation
credibility + trustworthiness
ALBERT ELLIS
rational emotive therapy (RET)
challenges irrational thoughts
RESPONSE BIAS
measures how risky the subject is in sensory decision making
based upon non sensory factors
FIELD DEPENDENCE
capacity to make responses to perceived specific stimuli
influenced by options of others
CONDUCTION PROPERTIES
action potentials maintain same voltage during travel
KURT LEWIN
divided leadership styles into 3 cateogires
autocratic
democratic
laisse-faire
RAYMOND CATTELL
trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality
identified 16 basic traits
DISCIRMINANT VALIDITY
performance on the test in not correlated with other variables that the theory predicts that the test performers should not be related to
CONVERGENT VALIDITY
testing the same on congruent tests
PETTY AND CACIOPPO ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL OF PERSUASION
2 routes of persuasion
-central- if issue is important
-peripheral - if issue is not important
REACTION FORMATION
repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite
ex. displaying affection when someone hurts you
DAVID BUSS
researched jealousy and anorexia as evolutionary adaptive
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
in hindbrain
regulates vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure
DAVID MCCLELLAND
studied need for achievement (N-Ach)
people tend to set small goals to achieve them
MORGAN AND MURRAY
developed the thematic appreception test (TAT)
projective test to measure personality
STRONG AND CAMPBELL
developed the Strong-Campbell interest inventory
used to assess interests in different lines of work (that didn’t work and he revised)
WECHSLER
developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages
these tests yield 3 deviation IQs
verbal IQ
performance IQ
full IQ
TERMAN
revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test
revision became known as the Stanford-Binet IQ test
INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT
mental age/chronological age X 100
LIMBIC SYSTEM
pleasure center of the brain
amygdala-defensiveness and aggression
ADRENAL MEDULLA
produces adrenaline
DAVID HUBEL & TORSTEN WIESEL
single cell recording
cat experiments
A.R. LURIA
Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor and language functions
HOLLAND
developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes
JENSEN
suggested that there were genetically based radical differences in IQ
CRITICISED
ROTTER
developed a sentence completion test
projective test designed to measure personality
WIALLIAM STERN
developed ratio IQ
SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY
argued that unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled different depending on mental responses to the environmental stimulus
JAMES-LANGE Theory
recognize emotions based on how body reacts
body first emotions second
SEQUENTIAL COHORT STUDIES
combines cross-sectional and longitudinal
LEWIS TERMAN
performed longitudinal studies on gifted children
LERNER
just world concept
APRAXIA
inability to execute motor response to verbal command
PREFERENTIAL LOOKING
two different stimuli are presented side by side
if the infant looks longer at on of them it is inferred that the infant can perceive the differences between them
REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (rCBF)
detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain
ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME
female pattern of development in absence of testosterone
ERNST WEBER
Weber’s law
just noticeable difference
DAVID HUBEL & TORSTEN WIESEL
worked on physiology of visual perception
FUNCTIONS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
second brain area to develop
group of neural structures associated with emotion and memory
aggression, fear, pleasure, pain
E.G. BORING
has suggested that the development of psychology is due no primarily to the efforts of great people but to Zeitgeist
CONTRALATERAL COMMUNICATION IPSILATERUM
brain communicates with opposite sites of the body
HERMANN AND HELMHOLTZ
first to measure the speed of nerve impulse
credited with psychology being viewed as science
PET SCAN
blood flow during activity and activation
PSYCHOPHYSICS
measures the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses
THEODORE NEWCOMB
studied political norms
FRITZ HEIDER
balance theory
explains why attitudes change
attribution theory
2 categories
dispositional
situational
HYPERPOLARIZED NEURON
needs stronger stimuli to respond
AUDITORY CORTEX
emotional tone of language processed in non dominant hemisphere
NOT an excitatory neurotransmitter
SEROTONIN
SPREADING OF ALTERNATIVES (Dissonance)
convincing yourself your choice was better by pointing out bad attributes about the other choice
ARONSON AND LINDER
proposed gain-loss principle
an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains consistent
we will like someone more if they liking for us has increased than someone who always liked us
RESTING POTENTIAL
maintained by sodium potassium pump
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
aciton potential skips along the nodes of reliever
CENTRAL ROUTE OF PERSUASION
relies on attentivness of the litener to the message:
the validity of it and the credentials of the person
GEORGE SPERLING
studied the capacity of the sensory memory using the partial report method
kinds of nerve calls in the nervous system
sensory
motor
interneurons
Sensory neuron cells
transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
motor neurons
transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles
interneurons
found between other neurons, brain and spinal - linked to reflexive behavior
glial cells
specialized neural cells serving as protection insulated axons by enclosing individual axons in myelin sheTH
REFRACTORY PERIOD (NEURON)
2 types
absolute refractory period- complete underpolarized
relative refractory period- coresponds to depolarization
PEPTIDES
endorphins
enkephalins
natural painkillers
spreading activation model
organizing into map of interconnected concepts
the shorter the distance between 2 words the closer are related in semantic memory
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS
facilitate the transmission of neuropinephrine and seratoning at the synapse
block repute of monamines
WECHSLER’S IQ TEST
WPPSI -preschool
WISC -children
WAIS -adult
WAIS II -current version for adults
ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
organizing the information and associating it with information already in the long term memory
use: getting the information into long term memory
PARTIAL -REPORT PROCEDURE
3x3 matrix of letters
flashed for a fraction of a second
asking to recall one of the rows
george sperling
KINETIC DEPTH EFFECT
when the object rather than the perciever moves
SPREADING ACTIVATION
one memory trace will trigger another and another
MELANIE KLEIN
object realtions theorist
MAHLER
object realtions theorist
REAL MOTION
involves moving the light
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
they deny, falsify and distory reality
they opeate unconsciously
8 types
-repression
-supression
-projection
-reaction formation
-rationalization
-regression
-sublimation
-displacement
SEMANTIC VERTIFICATION TASK
remembering general knoweledge
subjects asked to indicate weather statement is true or false (measures how long it takes) reponse latency
ENCODING: short term memory vs long term memory
short term-phonological
long term- semantic/meaning
SMITH, SHOBEN, RIPS
devised the semantic feature comparison model of semantic memory
EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE)
fight or flight hormone
increases sugar output in liver
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
book: emile: concerning education (banned)
french philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help of society
CONFOUNDING VARIABLE
those that affect other variables in a way that produces association
COLINS AND LOFTUS
devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory
What is the neural basis for pitch perception?
the location on the basilar membrane that vibrates
DECAY THEORY
if info in long term memory is not used or reheated it will eventually be forgotten
CARL ROGERS
phenomenological personality theorist
humanistic psychologist
known for client-centered therapy
person centered therapy or nondirective therapy
people have freedom to control own behavior
COGNITIVISM
behaviorism is not an adequate explanation for human behavior
humanas think, believe and are creative
people: chomsky
WEBER’S LAW
?1/1=K?
what’s important in producing a JND is not the absolute different between the two stimuli but the ratio of them
PAIVIO’S DUAL CODE HYPOTHESIS
info can be stored or encoded in 2 ways:
visually: concrete information
verbally: abstract
JEAN PIAGET
outlined 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor (18-24) primary and secondary reactions, object permamance
preoperational (2-7) has not mastered conservation
concrete operational (7-11) masters conservation
formal operational - has the ability to think like a scientist
ALFRED ADLER
immediate social imperatives of family and society (social variables)
the creative self-creative force behind the uniqueness
style of life- ways of achieving superiority
psychodynamic theorist best known for the inferiority complex
coined term “life- style”
fictional finalism- motivated by his/hers own unique goals and are based on fictional estimates of life’s values
motivated by strive for superiority
JUNGIAN ARCHETYPES
persona: mask that is adopted by a person in response to demands of social convention (from social interactions)
anima (feminine) animus (masculine): helps us understand gender, feminine behaviors in males and masculine in females
shadow: animal instincts from lower forms of life, appearance in consciousness, reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions
self: striving for unity, point of intersection between the collective unconscious and the conscious (mandala- magic circle)
2 PRINCIPLES OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY
- if pressured to do something opposite of personal believes, there’s tendency for attitude change
- the greater the pressure to comply the less likely an attitude will change, most likely to change when pressure is minimal
KURT LEWIN
phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory
influenced by Gestalt psychology
saw personality as dynamic and always changing
personality can be divided into systems and different parts shine depending on the situation
HANS EYSENCK
trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ:
introversion and extroversion
stability and neuroticism (added later)
psychoticism
KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY
non sensory factors influence what the subject says she senses
non sensory factors include: experiences, motives and expectations
4 STAGES OF NEURON FIRING
-resting potential
-depolarization
-action potential spike
-hyperpolarization
CLARK AND LOCKHART THEORY -3 LEVELS OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
First: physical (visual) focusing on appearance, size and shape
Second: acoustical, forcing on the sound, combo words have
Third: semantic, focusing on the meaning of the word
deeper the processing, deeper the effort
LEVELS OF PROCESSING THEORY/ DEPTH OF PROCESSING THEORY
Craik and Lockhart
what determines how long you will remember the material is not what memory system it gets into but the way in which you process the material
CRAIK AND LOCKHART
developed the levels of processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory
2 TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY
procedural: remembering how to do things
declarative: remembering explicit information
semantic: remembering general knowledge
episodic: remembering particular events you have personally experienced
SEMANTIC FEATURE-COMPARISON MODEL
semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts
the key is amount of overlap in the feature lists of the concepts
KOHLBERG’S GENDER STAGES
- gender labeling (2-3yrs) identify
- gender stability (3-4) can predict that they will be boy or girl when they grow up
- gender consistency (4-7) permanency of gender
ACTION POTENTIAL GRAPH
CARL JUNG
psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido
suggested that the unconscious and the collective unconscious with archetypes being in the collective unconscious
4 psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensing, intuition
2 orientations of personality: extraversion and introversion
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY CHART
