GRE Psychology Extra Flashcards
Inhibition Theory
forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between the original learning and the later attempted recall
SEPTAL RAGE
rage like behavior caused by damage to septal nuclei
VENTRO MEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS
satiety center of the brain
damage results in being very hungry which leads to hyperhagia
HYPERPHABIA
excessive eating
COLLICULI
2 nuclei in midbrain associated with involuntary reflex responses, triggered by visual or auditory stimuli
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
receives visual input
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
receives sensory info from auditory system, plays a role in reflective reactions
SUPERIOR COLLICULULS
receives visual input
PHYLOGENY
the study of evolutionary development
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES
activate dramatically during puberty
WILDER PENFIELD
Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to map out different parents of the brain during surgery
METHYLPHENIDATE
Ritalin/ADHD Medication
INDUCED MOTION
Stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves
ARNOLD GESELL
nativist who believed that development was due primarily to maturation
D.W. WINNICOTT
object relations theorist
SEPTAL NUCLEI
primary pleasure center in the brain
inhibits aggression
PHENOTHIAZINES
reduce the sensitivity of dopamine receptors
PAIN RELIEVING NARCOTICS
morphine
opium
heroin
JOHANNES MULLER
law of specific nerve energies; each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy
JOHN DEWEY
1859-1952
believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole
wrote an article that criticized the concept of reflect arc
PIERRE FLOURENS
early 19th century
the first person to study functions of the major sections of the brain (by extirpation-ablation) worked on pigeons
FRANZ GALL
1758-1828
earliest theorist on behavior, intellect and personality and how it relates to brain anatomy
doctrine of phrenology-shapes of skull
What are 2 regions of the frontal lobe?
prefrontal lobes
motor cortex
PREFRONTAL LOBES
executive function
associative area
surprises and directs the operations of the other brain regions
perception, memory, emotions, impulse control, long term planning
MOTOR CORTEX
voluntary motor movements
Parts of limbic system
septal nuclei
amygdala
hippocampus
Function of limbic system?
interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain
associated with emotion and memory
DIANA BAUMBRIND
Studied relationship between parental styles and disciplines
authoritative
authoritarian
permissive
S.S. STEVENS
Developed Steven’s power law as an alternative to Fechner’s Law
MAX WERTHEIMER
1880-1942
phi henomenon
Gestalt Psychologist
SIR FRANCIS GALTON
His work helped understand how people differ in their sensory ability
First researcher interested in individual differences
Measured sensory ability of 10,000 people over a span of 6 years
SIR CHARLES SHERRINGTON
English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synaptic communication between neurons
THEORY OF ISOMORPHISM
1:1 correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain
DEPOLARIZATION
moves voltage to threshold
triggering action potential spike
EMIL KRAEPELIN
1883
published first book to classify mental illnesses - a precursor to the DSM
JOHN DARLEY & BIBB LATANE
performed experiment where they had people listen to someone getting electrocuted
DARYL BEM
developed the self perception theory- the alternative to cognitive dissonance
EDWARD HERRING
developed opponent process theory of color vision
SOLOMON ASCH
studied conformity by asking subject the compare the length of lines
OCD DISORDERS
body dysmorphia
hoarding
trichotillomania (hair pulling)
excoriation (skin picking)
CONVERSION DISORDER
formerly hysteria
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
ex. paralysis
MINIMAL JUSTIFICATION EFFECT
when external justification is minimal
also called: insufficient justification effect
TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
early children speech that omits too many words or word endings
ECTOMORPH
inhibited, intellectual personality
ENOMORPH
softer, curvier body
MESOMORPH
muscular body type, big heart
REPEATED-MEASURE DESIGN
same as within-subject
uses multiple measures on the same subject over the same or multiple different times
WITHIN-SUBJECT DESIGN
pairing each subject with himself by using the same subject in both groups
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
technique of random selection, aiming to be proportionate to real world population
TRUE EXPERIMENT CHARACTERISTICS
independent variable manipulated
subjects are randomly selected
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Independent variable not manipulated
just gathering data that already is and seeing if there’s correlation
VARIABLE
a factor that varies in amount or kind and can be measured
WILLIAM STERN
developed the concept of ratio IQ
compared mental age with chronological age
JAMES MCKEEN CATTELL
introduced mental testing in the U.S.
OSWALD KULPE
studied imageless thoughts
disagreed with Wundt which stated that whatever you think of, you imagine in your mind
Who established the first psychology lab?
Wilhelm Wundt in 1879
Z-SCORE
your score - the medium/ standard deviation
EMMERT’S LAW
describes the relationship between size and apparent distance
the further the object appears to be the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
-uncomfortable when not center of attention
-provocative
-shallow emotions
-impressionistic speech
-dramatic
-suggestible
-views relationships as more intimate than they are
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists of sensory and motor neurons
neurons distributed through the skin and muscles
transmits information through different fibers
afferent-into the brain
efferent-exit the brain
Where is dopamine found in the brain?
basal ganglia
DISASSOCIATIVE DISORDER TYPES
-dissociative fugue
-amnesia
-identity
-depersonalitzation disorder
Differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres?
Left: letters, words, language, related sounds, speech, reading, writing, arithmetic, complex voluntary movement
Right: faces, music, emotions, creativity, sense of direction
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER (STPD)
-unusual behavior
-distorted view of reality
-a pattern of intense discomfort with close relationships and social interactions
NOMOTHETIC
focus on groups when studying personality (finding commonalities)
IDIOGRAPHIC
studying personality on individual case studies
(Allport)
SYNATAX
grammatical arrangement
TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES
tells us how we can change one structure into another
ex. from a sentence in an active voice to passive voice, from question to statement
BASE RATE FALLACY
ignoring numerical info and instead focusing on stereotypical factors
REPRESENTATIVES HEURISTICS
categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical or representative image of the category
AMES ROOM
illusion of room and size perception, triangle room
DONALD BROADBENT
proposed filter theory of attention
selective attention serves as a filter
KINESTHETIC SENSE
awareness of body movement and position
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
receptors for balance in inner ear
behind and above cochlea
GATE THEORY OF PAIN
Theory that there is a gating mechanism, in the spinal cord that turns pain signals on and off
RONALD MELZACK AND PATRICK WALL
proposed gate theory of pain
can turn pain on/off
located in the spinal cord
PATH OF TRAVEL FOR TOUCH
transduction in receptors
somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe
4 CATEGORIES OF TOUCH
-pressure
-pain
-warmth
-cold
SOMATOSENSORY MAP
PATH OF TRAVEL FOR TASTE AND SMELL
Taste: taste center – thalamus
Smell: olfactory bulb
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
where smell receptors in nose are found
VON BERESY
1960s
empirical studies led to travel wave theory of wave perception which at least partially supported Helmholt’z place- resonance theory
WEVER AND BRAY
proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception
FREQUENCY THEORY
basilar membrane vibrates as a whole and rate of vibration equals frequency of stimulus
1 tone per second
S.E.M.
standard error of measurement
DOMAIN REFERENCE TESTING or CRITERION-REFERENCE TESTING
evaluates what the test taker knows about a particular domain (subject)
NORM-REFERENCES TESTING
assessing someone’s performance in terms of how they perform in comparison to others
CHI-SQUARE TEST
works with categorical date rather than numerical data
nominal-categorizing
ANOVA
compares the means of more than 2 groups
estimates how much group means differ from reach other by comparing the between group variance to the within group variance called F ratio
F ratio= between group variance/within group variance
T-Test
used to compare the means of 2 groups
NAME FOR PROBABILITY OF TYPE II ERROR
beta
TYPE II ERROR
false negative, error of omission
Null is FALSE and Null is ACCEPTED
TYPE I ERROR
rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s actually tru
Null is TRUE, Null is Rejected
ERRORS IN SIGNIFICANCE TESTING
SYMBOL NAME FOR CRITERION OF SIGNIFICANCE
alpha
FACTOR ANALYSIS
accounts for the interrelationship found among various variables to see how they hang together
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS
type of descriptive statistics that measures to what extent 2 variables are related
Z-SCORE
subtract the mean of the distribution from your score and divide the difference by standard deviation
TIME OUT
removing the client from reinforcing situation
SUBTRACTIVE COLOR MIXTURE
occurs when we mix pigments
yellow, blue, red
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
FESTINGER AND CARLSMITH EXPERIMENT (1959)
paying people to tell others that the experiment was interesting
$20- no convinced themselves that the experiment was interesting
$1-very convinced
SLEEP STAGE 2
Thera waves
slower, fewer faves per second
K complex
CATEGORIES OF DISORDERS IN THE DSM-5
-neurodevelopmental
-schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic conditions
-mood disorders
-anxiety disorders (10)
-obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
-trauma and stress related disorders
-somatic symptoms and related
-dissasociative disorders
-eating
-elimation
-sleep-wake
-personality (10)
-sexual disfunction and paraphilias
-gender dysphoria
-impulse control
-substance related
CEREBRAL CORTEX PARTS AND FUNCTION
-frontal
-parietal
-occipical
-temporal
sometimes called neo cortex
lots of bumps and folds-convolutions provides increased cellular mass
HYPOTHALAMUS
feeding
fighting
fleeing
fucking
Which drugs closely mimic the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
hallucinogenics
LSD
mescaline
SYSTEMS PSYCHOLOGY
human behavior must be thought of in context of complex systems
applications include organizational psychology and family therapy
People: Baker and Bateson
FREQUENCY
number of cycles per second
measured in HERTZ
1 Hz=1 cycle per sound
shorter the wavelength -higher the frequency
APHASIA
impairment of language function
Who is the founder of developmental psychology?
Stanley Hall
KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME
in males
XXY
pairs often with intellectual disability
MOTION AFTEREFFECT
if a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops
EYE PARTS
What does fovea contain?
only cones
Parts of psychoanalysis
-free association
-dream interpretation
-resistence
-transference/countertransference
PONZO ILLUSSION
“BARNUM” EFFECT
tendency of people to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality predictions
EMPERICAL CRITERION KEYING APPROACH
testing questions on patients and non patients
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
often in chronic alcoholics
disturbances in memories
caused by B1/Thiamine deficiency
GUILFORD
divorced divergent thinking
test to measure creativity
What is serotonin responsible for?
mood
eating
sleeping
arousal
RIASEL SYSTEM
Holland’s model of occupational themes
realistic
investigative
artistic
social
enterprising
conventional
What are of life does interest testing pertains to?
work
WUND ILLUSION
What kind of disorder was first type of electrotherapy aimed to tackle?
Schizophrenia
Cereletti and Bini
8 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generatively vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair
WALTER CANNON
physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system including the fight or flight response
investigated homeostasis
proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
conceptualization of homeostasis
MUZAFER SHERIF
conformity expriment
Robert’s Cave (boy’s camp)
superordinate goals
group made to debate if they saw a moving dot in the dark or not (auto kinetic effect)
INNATE RELEASING MECHANISM (IRM)
a mechanism in the animal’s nervous system that connects certain things with certain physiological responses
SUPERNATURAL STIMULUS
a model more effective at triggering a fixed action potential than the actual sign stimulus found in nature
RELEASER (SIGN STIMULUS)
a sign stimulus that triggers social behavior between animals
SIGN STIMULUS
features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular fixed action pattern
NIKO TINBERGEN
ethnologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations
stickleback fish experiment- red bellies
FIXED ACTION PATTERN (FAP)
a stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by animal; innate
Founder of problem solving concept?
Thorndike
Kohler
Founder of cognitive maps concept?
Tolman
Founder of observational learning concept?
Bandura
Founder of preparedness concept?
Garcia
Founder of instinctual drift concept?
Brelands
KELLER BRELAND AND MARION BRELAND
discovered the studied instinctual drift
raccoon coin experiment
FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
Gordon Allport
given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself
ex. enjoying hunting past the point of having to hunt to eat
HOVLAND
studied attitude change
RETICULAR FORMATION
neural structure in the brainstem
keeps cortex awake and alert
regulates arousal, alertness and attention
damage can cause sleeping all the time
HERING ILLUSSION
INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS (IPSPs)
decrease likelihood of action potentials
What is the British empiricist school of thought?
believed that all knowledge is build through experience
John Locke -tabula rasa
Names of British empirical school of thought believers
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
George Berkley
David Hume
James Mill
John Stuart
DAVID ROSENHAN
investigated the effect of being labelled mentally ill by having pseudo-patients admitted to mental hospitals (1973)
BRAINSTEM PARTS
hindbrain and midbrain
THALAMUS
“way station” for sensory info
structure within the forebrain that serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information (all senses except smell)
after receiving sensory info, the thalamus sorts them and transmits them to areas of cerebral cortex
Where does osmoregulation take place in the brain?
hypothalamus
APHAGIA
not eating or drinking
usually from damage to the lateral hypothalamus
GENERAL PARESIS
disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis and death
(caused by syphilis)
ELEANOR GIBSON AND RICHARD WALK
developed the visual cliff experiment
used to study depth perception
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
infant development
primary: centered around body
secondary: centered towards manipulation of objects
JEROME KAGAN
conducted landmark longitudinal study to examine development trajectories of children’s temperament
Who’s considered the father of developmental psychology?
Stanley Hall
FUNCTIONALISM
stream of consciousness;
studies how the mind functions to help people adapt to environments
attacked structuralism
James, Dewey
PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
when extinction takes longer since reinforcement is occasional
ex. gambling
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
process of finding meaning in life
HELMHOLTZ
developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision;
developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception
GUSTAV FECHNER
developed Fechner’s law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of sensation
STEREOSCOPE
gives impression of depth to a flat picture
stereopsis research
19th century
What are simple cells?
give information about orientation
What are complex cells?
give information about movement
What are hypercomplex cells?
give information about shape
WALTER MISCHEL
critic of trait theories of personality
believed that human behavior is determined by the characteristics of a situation rather than a person
SYSTEMIC DESENSITIZATION
treatment for phobias
anxiety producing situation followed by relaxation technique
developed by Joseph Wolpe
IMPLOSION THERAPY
having the client imagine a fearful situation
Flooding (therapy)
experiencing conditioned stimulus (fear) without the unconditioned stimulus that elicited fear
DIFFERENTIAL REINFROCEMENT
another name for shaping
VARIABLE INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT
behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a varying period has elapsed since the last reinforcement
most resistant to extinguishing
ex. parent responding to crying child
FIXED INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT
behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement
ex. bi-monthly paycheck
VARIABLE- RATIO REINFORCEMENT
behavior will be reinforced after a varying number of responses
ex. slot machine
FIXED- RATIO REINFORCEMENT
behavior will be reinforced after a fixed number of responses
CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT
a general name for therapies that attempt to change the client’s behavior by altering the consequences of that behavior
ex. behavioral contracts
CONDITIONED AVERSION
conditional aversion paired with aversive unconditioned stimulus associated with punishment
ex. alcohol, smoking
FEATURE DETECTION THEORY
noise and clarity in the image
SELF SERVING BIAS
one takes credit for things that go well and blames others when things do not go well
OTTO KERNBERG
object relations theorist
JOHN A. SWETS
refined ROC curves in signal detection theory
RECEPTION TRANSDUCTION PROJECTION AREAS
sensory system path
Retina
back of the eye
screen filled with neural elements and blood vessels
image-detecting part of eye
DUPLEXITY or DUPLICITY THEORY OF VISION
states that retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors
PETTY AND CACIOPPO
developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes of persuasion)
EAGLY
suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender but different social roles
LEON FESTINGER
cognitive dissonance theory
conflict + attitude =not in sync
social comparison theory
LENNEBERG, REBELSKY AND NICHOLS (1965)
showed that babbling exists in def and hearing children but only haring children progress to talking
ROGER SPERRY AND MICHAEL GAZZANGIA
investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using “split-brain” studies
PATH OF VISION THROUGH THE EYE
optic chiasm
literal gericulate nucleus
thalamus
visual cortex
occipital lobe
superior colliculus
DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS
stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behavior will have consequences