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Gross Anatomy Post Midterm > Gray's Review Head and Neck > Flashcards

Gray's Review Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the anterior fontanelle located?

A

junction of the sagittal and coronal suture

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2
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

18 mo.

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3
Q

where is the posterior fontanelle located?

A

junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture

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4
Q

when does the posterior fontanelle close?

A

2-3 mo.

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5
Q

where is the mastoid fontanelle located?

A

junction of squamous suture and lambdoid suture

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6
Q

when does the mastoid fontanelle close?

A

end of 1st year.

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7
Q

where is the sphenoid fontanelle?

A

function of the squamous suture and the coronal suture

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8
Q

when does the sphenoid fontanelle close?

A

2-3 mo.

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9
Q

although there is a lambdoid suture, what is there not?

A

lambdoid fontanelle.

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10
Q

what does the first pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

muscles of mastication + maleus + incus

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11
Q

what does the second pharyngeal arch give rise to

A

muscles of fascial expression
stapes
parts of hyoid bone

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12
Q

what does the third pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

stylopharyngeus

parts of hyoid

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13
Q

what would an injury to the occulomotor n. cause the eye to do?

A

point down and out - due to unopposed contrations of the trochlear and abducens n.

cause compete ptosis/drooping of eyelid

Dialated pupil because PNS innervation of occulomotor n. is out

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14
Q

what supplies sensory innervation to the chin and lower lip?

A

mental n. –> inferior alveolar n. –> mandibular division –> trigeminal n.

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15
Q

what does the auticulotemporal n. supply?

A

TMJ
temporal region
parotid gland
ear

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16
Q

what does the buccal n. supply sensory innervation to?

A

internal surface of cheek

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17
Q

what supplies sensory innervation to the upper lip?

A

infraorbital n.

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18
Q

where is the location of the sensory neuron cell bodies of the trigeminal n.?

A

semilunar ganglion aka Trigeminal ganglion aka Gasserian ganglion

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19
Q

what is Tic douloureux?

A

pain occurs over the area of distribution of trigeminal nerve branches

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20
Q

what does the geniculate ganglion do?

A

found on facial n. and receives sensory fibers for taste and transmits preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

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21
Q

what ganglion is for the glossopharyngeal n. mediating pain?

A

inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion

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22
Q

where is the otic ganglion located?

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal n.

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23
Q

what does the otic ganglion contain?

A

postganglionic parasympathetic cell vodies for parotid secretion

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24
Q

what does the pterygopalatine ganglion contain?

A

postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies for lacrimation and mucosal secretion

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25
Q

what travels through the superior orbital fissure?

A 
occulomotor n. 
trochlear n.
trigeminal -- ophthalamic division = lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary
abducens n.
ophthalamic v. (sup and inf divisions)
symp fibers from cavernous plexus
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26
Q

which n. is responsible for senosry and motor components of the corneal reflex?

A

ophthalamic division of the trigeminal n. and the occulomotor n.

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27
Q

what travels through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

maxillary n
infraorbital vessels
branches of sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglion

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28
Q

what does the optic canal contain?

A

optic n.
ophthalamic a.
sympathetic fibers

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29
Q

what passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

maxillary n.

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30
Q

what passes through the foramen ovale?

A

lesser petrosal n.
mandibular division of trigeminal n.
accessory middle meningeal a
emissary veins

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31
Q

what cranial n. is responsible for hyperacusis (sensitivity to loud sounds)?

A

facial - innervates the stapedius muscle

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32
Q

what muscles does teh hypoglossal n. innervate?

A

tongue muscles

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33
Q

what does the recurrent laryngeal n. supply?

A

motor innervation to larync

sensation below the the true vocal folds

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34
Q

what nerve is often injured in a thyroidectomy?

A

recurrent laryngeal n.

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35
Q

what are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A

internal jugular v
common carotid a.
vagus n. `

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36
Q

what cranial nerves are in the cavernous sinus

A 
3 occulomotor
4  trochlear
6 abducens
V1 ophthalamic
V2 maxillary
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37
Q

what passes through the parotid gland?

A

retromandibular v.
external carotid a.
CN VII

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38
Q

what are the contents of the infratemoral fossa?

A 
part of parotid gland
lateral and medial pterygoid mm.
inferior part of temoralis
maxilary a.  + branches
pterygoid venous pleuxus
mandibular n. V3
otic ganglion
corda tympani 
TMJ
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39
Q

how does obstructive hydrocephalus occur?

A

aka - non-communicating hydrocephalus -=obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct - CSF is obstructed within the ventricular system –> increase in pressure = enlarged lateral and third ventricle

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40
Q

what is non-obstructive hydrocephalus due to?

A

communicating hydrocephalus = excessive CSF production
or ineffective CSF reabsorption
leads to enlargement of all ventricular chambers

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41
Q

what is anencephaly?

A

aka meroanencephaly - partial absence of the brain due to defective closure of the anterior neuropore

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42
Q

what is holoproencephaly?

A

failure pof the cleavage of the forebrain and would result in a single fused ventricle

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43
Q

what structures pass through the jugular foramen?

A

glossopharyneal n. (CN IX)
vagus n. (CN X)
accessory n. (CN XI)
Internal jugular v.

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44
Q

which nerve is responsible for the gag reflex?

A

glossopharyngeal n.

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45
Q

what veins are found in the “danger zone” of the scalp?

A

Loose CT is “danger area” - emissary veins –> diploic veins

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46
Q

injury to what nerve would cause the uvula to deviate to the right?

A

left vagus n.

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47
Q

what nerve innervates part of the external auditory meatus and when stimulated can trigger a cough reflex?

A

vagus n.

48
Q

what would a tumor of the hypoglossal canal compress? What would that affect?

A

the hypoglossal n.

affect the genioglossus m.

49
Q

what nerve provides parasympathetics to the lacrimal gland of the orbit?

A

greater petrosal n.

50
Q

what n. provides taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

chorda tympani

51
Q

What nerve carries sympathetic innervation to blood vessels and mucous glands of the head and neck?

A

deep petrosal n.

52
Q

which artery is not part of the circle of willis?

A

middle cerebral a.

53
Q

what makes up the circle of willis?

A 
bifurcation of basiar
posterior cerebral
posterior communicating
internat carotid
anterior cerebral
anterior communicating
54
Q

what nerve lies closest to the internal carotid a. in the cavernous sinus?

A

abducens n. (CN VI) - would be affected with aneurysm

55
Q

what nerve carries the afferent/sensory limb of the corneal reflex

A

nasociliary n. –> ophthalamic division of trigeminal n.

56
Q

what is the efferent limb of the corneal reflex

A

facial n.

57
Q

if a patient feels a thin ridge running forward across masseter what is it

A

parotid duct

58
Q

which muscle is involved when there is partial drooping of the eyelid (ptosis)?

A

superior tarsal (of Muller) - it assists in elevating the eyelid and holding it up

59
Q

which muscle is involved when there is partial drooping of the eyelid (ptosis)?

A

superior tarsal (of Muller) - it assists in elevating the eyelid and holding it up

60
Q

what muscle is involved in complete drooping of the eyelid (ptosis)?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

61
Q

what muscle is involved in complete drooping of the eyelid (ptosis)?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

62
Q

what nerve would be affected by a hemorrhage of the AICA?

A

abducens n. (CN VI)

63
Q

what nerve would be affected by a hemorrhage of the AICA?

A

abducens n. (CN VI)

64
Q

what would a tumor of the jugular foramen affect?

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory

65
Q

what would a tumor of the jugular foramen affect?

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory

66
Q

what muscle prevents the accumulation of saliva and food in the oral vestibule?

A

buccinator m. - most important muscle of the cheek

67
Q

what muscle prevents the accumulation of saliva and food in the oral vestibule?

A

buccinator m. - most important muscle of the cheek

68
Q

compression of what nerve can give you tunnel vision or bitemporal herianopia?

A

optic chiasm

69
Q

what nerve set is located closely above the pituitary gland?

A

the optic chiasm

70
Q

what could compression of the optic n. cause?

A

complete blindness

71
Q

what would compression of the optic tract cause?

A

homonymous hemianopia

72
Q

what nerve is compressed when the eye assumes down and out, ptosis, and mydriasis

A

oculomotor nerve - 4 extraocular muscles

73
Q

what is mydriasis?

A

paralysis of constrictor pupillae

74
Q

what nerve lesion would cause weakness in downward and medial gaze and make it difficult to walk down stairs?

A

trochlear nerve

75
Q

what arterial supply can compress the trochlear n. is there was an aneurysm?

A

superior cerebellar a.

76
Q

what would a fracture of the lamina papyracea of teh ethmoid bone cause?

A

entrap of medial rectus

77
Q

hyperacusis can occur following paralysis of what muscle?

A

stapedis m.

78
Q

A lesion of the vestibulocochlear n. can cause what?

A

tinnitus and or deafness

79
Q

in Frey syndrome, what nerve and fibers are damaged?

A

parasympathetic axons of auriculotemporal n.

80
Q

which blood supplies most of the blood to the palatine tonsils?

A

lingual a.

81
Q

what 2 arteries does the oculormotor n. (CN III) run between?

A

posterior cerebellar a. and superior cerebellar a.

82
Q

what is the most common cause of a cleft lip?

A

failure of fusion of hte maxillary process and he inter maxillary segment

83
Q

what would produce a median cleft lip?

A

failure of fusion of the medial nasal prominences

84
Q

what causes a cleft lip not embryologically, but before that?

A

genetic defect - strong, most important factor

but there cleft lips are multifactoral etiology

85
Q

what is a dermatoid cyst and where does it occur?

A

cystic teratoma that often occurs near the lateral aspect of the eyebrow

86
Q

what is the rima glottidis?

A

opening between the vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages

87
Q

what is the piriform recess?

A

recess lateral to the laryngeal opeining of the laryngopharynx

88
Q

what is the vestibule?

A

region between the epiglottis and the rima glottidis

89
Q

what is the ventricle?

A

area between the true and false vocal chords

90
Q

what is the vallecula?

A

bilateral recess anterior to the epiglottis in the laryngopharynx

91
Q

what is arachnoid villi

A

extensions of the arachnoid mater into the superior sagittal sinus
they allow proper drainage of the CSF into the venous blood stream from the subarachnoid space in which CSF circulates - crucial for intracranial pressure maintenance and circulation of CSF

92
Q

what vessels anastomose to form Kiesselbach (Little) plexus in the nasal septum?

A

anterior ethmoidal a.
sphenopalatine a. - large (max-ECA)
superior labial a.- large (facial -ECA
greater palatine a.

93
Q

what structures would you most likely encounter while performing a midline incision below the isthmus of the thyroid gland?

A

inferior thyroid v.

thyroidea ima a.

94
Q

what 2 nerves are at risk of injury during thyroidectomy?

A

external laryngeal n.

recurrent laryngeal n.

95
Q

what artery is easily injured in an emergency tracheostomy with a midline incision over hte trachea?

A

the throidea ima artery

96
Q

what results in a slow bleeding hematoma?

A

torn cerebral v.

97
Q

what would a rupture of the anterior communicating artery result in?

A

subarachnoid hematoma - blood present in CSF upon lumbar puncture

98
Q

where is there no lymphatics in the neck?

A

in the middle of the vocal cord

99
Q

what gives rise to the efferent motor fibers of the vagus n. that would essentially supply the laryngeal and pharyngeal m.?

A

the nucleus ambiguus

100
Q

what happens if the nucleus ambiguus and vagus n. is interrupted?

A

loss of swallowing, cough and gag reflex

101
Q

what does the nucleus solitarius receive info from?

A

general visceral sensation and taste from the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus n.

102
Q

what does the dorsal motor nucleus contain?

A

cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the vagus n. innervating the heart muscle and smooth musculature and glands of respiratory and intestinal tract

103
Q

what does the superior ganglion of the vagus n. contain?

A

cell bodies of the general somatic afferent sensory fibers

104
Q

what does the inferior ganglion of the vagus n. contain?

A

visceral afferent sensory - no pain though! - form the heart, lungs, larynx and alimentary tract

105
Q

what nerve does the inferior alveolar n. give rise to just before it passes into the mandible to supply the lower teeth and chin?

A

mylohyoid n.

106
Q

what does the mylohyoid n. innervate?

A

anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid

107
Q

what innervates geniohyoid?

A

motor fibers from spinal nerve C1 that runs with hypoglossal n.

108
Q

what innervates the stylohyoid m.?

A

facial n.

109
Q

what innervates the palatoglossus m.?

A

vagus n.

110
Q

if you want to anesthetize the conjunctival covering of the sclera, what nerve should be knocked out?

A

nasociliary branch of ophthalmic Vi

111
Q

if you wanted to anesthetize the conjunctival covering of the sclera, where would you place the needle?

A

through the upper eyelid deeply towards the obital apex to infiltrate the nasociliary n.

112
Q

how would you anethitize the lacrimal n. and twigs of maxillary n. ?

A

also between the orbital septum and the palpebral musculature laterally

113
Q

what is SLOS?

A

craniofacial and limb defects

5% have holoprosencephaly

114
Q

what is schizencephaly?

A

rare and characterized by large clefts in the cerebral hemispheres which can sometimes cause the loss of brain tissue

115
Q

what is exencephaly/anencephaly/merocephaly?

A

failure of the cephalic part of the neural tube to close

116
Q

what do crainial defeciets usually involve?

A

the squamous part of the occipital bone and in some cases the posterior aspect of the foramen magnum

usually occuring at posterior fontanelle

Gross Anatomy Post Midterm (4 decks)

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