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Introductory CMS > Grape/Vine diseases > Flashcards

Grape/Vine diseases Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What’s powdery meldew, where does it come from, what’s the trigger, what’s affected are what are the consequences?

A
  • fungual disease
  • native to North America
  • affects all green parts of the plant > dusty white mildew growth
  • consequences: inhibits bunch development and ripening
    > prior to flowering: yields reduced
    > after fruit set: berries struggle to reach veraison/ to get ripe
    > if fruit affected: off-flavours
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2
Q

Consequences of powdery meldew?

A

Inhibits bunch development and ripening
> prior to flowering: yields reduced
> after fruit set: berries struggle to reach veraison/ to get ripe
> if fruit affected: off-flavours

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3
Q

Synonym of powdery meldew?

A

Oidium
or Oidium tuckerii

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4
Q

What’s affected by powdery meldew?

A

All green parts of the plant

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5
Q

Where does powdery meldew comes from and when was it first recorded in Europe?

A

North America
1847 in England

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6
Q

What’s the trigger for powdery meldew?

A

Uncinula necator fungus

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7
Q

What’s Oidium tuckerii?

A

The Uncinula necatorfungus for Oidium at it’s anamorph stage

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8
Q

How does powdery meldew looks like?

A

dusty white mildew growth on grapes leaves and shoots

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9
Q

How can powdery meldew can be controlled?

A

Sulfur, fungicides

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10
Q

What’s the synonym for Downy Meldew?

A

Peronospora

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11
Q

Where does powdery meldew comes from?

A

North America

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12
Q

What’s the agent of downy meldew?

A

Plasmopara viticola, fungual

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13
Q

When had powdery meldew spread to Europe?

A

Early 1880s

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14
Q

What’s affected by downy mildew?

A

The green parts of the plant

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15
Q

How can you recognise downy meldew?

A

Oil spot on the leaves
> spores germinate a white, cottony growth develops on the underside of the leaves

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16
Q

Downy meldew- what happens with the vine?

A

green portions of the vine
> leaves drop off the vine
> vine’s ability to photosynthesize is limited

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17
Q

What’s done to prevent against downy meldew?

A

Bordeaux Mixture, a spray of copper sulfate, water and lime

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18
Q

What happens with downy meldew after a winter?

A

fungus survives the winter on fallen leaves in the soil, and its spores reach the vine again

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19
Q

Synonym of Eutypa Dieback?

A

Dead arm

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20
Q

What causes the Eutypa Dieback disease and how is it caused?

A

Eutypa lata fungus
>Spores are carried by rain and enter the vine through pruning wounds

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21
Q

Where is Eutypa Dieback common?

A

In Mediterranean climates

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22
Q

What happens if a vine is infected by Eutypa lata fungus?

A

Infected vines experience stunted shoot growth as the fungus releases toxins, and eventually an infected cane may die—the dead arm

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23
Q

What’s are the consequences of Eutypa Dieback?

A

Yields drastic lower
Does not devalue the quality

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24
Q

Where does the well known wine “dead arm” comes from, who produces it and which variety is it

A

Dead Arm Shiraz> beneficial effect on grape quality

McLaren Vale, Australia
d’Arenberg

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25
Q

Which fungus manifests similar to the Eutypa lata fungus?

A

Phomopsis viticola fungus

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26
Q

Synonym for Esca?

A

Black Measles

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27
Q

Where does Esca thrives mostly?

A

Warmer climats

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28
Q

What practice is known to work against Esca?

A

no known control or cure.

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29
Q

What causes Esca?

A

complex of fungi, rather than a single organism

30
Q

What’s the effect of Esca?

A

-On young vines: weaken growth, affect berry development and discolor leaves
> hot weather: an affected young vine may suddenly die
- In older vines: the disease affects the wood, causing the interior of the trunk and arms to soften and rot from the inside

31
Q

How long live Esca- infected vines?

A

Rarely past 30 years

32
Q

What aggravated Esca- problems?

A

-rainfall
-spread by wind
-spread by pruning sheares of careless vineyard workers

33
Q

Where does Black Rot comes from?

A

North America

34
Q

When spread Black Rot to Europe?

A

Late 1800s, with importation of phylloxera-resistant rootstocks

35
Q

What causes Black Rot?

A

Guignardia bidwellifungus

36
Q

How Black Rot originate?

A

black spot on the vine’s shoots, leaves, and berries

37
Q

What are the consequences of Black Rot?

A

Yield reduction

38
Q

How can Black Rot be controlled?

A

Fungicide sprays

39
Q

What’s Bunch Rot?

A

grouping of similar diseases caused by a number of fungi species

40
Q

What are the consequences of bunch rot?

A

reduce crop yields and may adversely affect the character of the wine, imbuing it with moldy off-flavors

41
Q

What’s the most common forms of bunch rot?

A

Botrytis bunch rot > Botrytis cinerea

42
Q

What’s the malevolent form of botrytis?

A

grey rot

43
Q

What’s grey rot

A

Botrytis cinerea fungus break down the skin of berries and allow other yeasts and bacteria to rot the grapes.

44
Q

What’s noble rot?

A

Botrytis fungus invades healthy white grapes under favorable conditions

45
Q

What caused Pierce’s disease?

A

bacteriumXylella fastidiosa
> most commonly transmitted by the glassy-winged sharpshooter

46
Q

Where’s sharpshooter mostly found?

A

near citrus orchards and oleander plants

47
Q

What are the consequences of Pierce’s Disease?

A

rendering vines incapable of producing chlorophyll
> killing it within one to five years

48
Q

Where’s the Pierce’s disease common?

A

southern United States and Mexico but is steadily moving northward in California

49
Q

What cure or control is done against Pierce’s disease?

A

Neither cure nor a chemical control
> strict quarantines

50
Q

What causes Crown Gall?

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

51
Q

Synonym of Crown Gall?

A

Black Knot

52
Q

What happens if a vine is Crown Gall affected?

A

vine develops tumors (galls) on its trunk, which girdle and essentially strangle the vine, withering or killing outright the portions of the vine above

53
Q

When thrives Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium?

A

Colder climates

54
Q

How does Crown Gall gets bader?

A

During winter freezes, when the vine’s trunk may be ruptured, the bacteria invade the outer trunk, rapidly multiplying and fomenting the onset of disease

55
Q

What causes the Bacterial Blight?

A

Xanthomonas ampelinabacterium

56
Q

What happens if a vine is affected by Bacterial Blight?

A
  • often kills young grapevine shoots - shoots develop dark brown streaks in early spring, and eventually wither and die
57
Q

What can be done to control Bacterial Blight?

A

hot water treatments and copper sprays, such as the Bordeaux Mixture.

58
Q

How is Bacterial Blight spread?

A

by rain and compromised pruning tools

59
Q

What causes Leafroll virus?

A

caused by a complex of at least nine different viruses

60
Q

Which disease is the most responsible for the worldwide grape production losses?

A

Leafroll virus > 60% of the world’s grape production losses

61
Q

What happens if a vine is affected by the Leafroll virus?

A
  • multicolored leaves, combined with a characteristic downward curling of the leaves
  • reduced yields
  • delayed ripening.
62
Q

How’s Leafroll virus spread?

A

propagation of infected vines or by an insect vector like the mealy bug

63
Q

What can be done to cure Leafroll virus?

A

Currently nothing, but it won’t kill the vine
Only mealy bug control

64
Q

What causes Fanleaf Degeneration?

A

nepovirus spread by soil nematodes feeding on infected roots

65
Q

What happens if a vine is affected by Fanleaf Degeneration?

A
  • leaves on an infected vine are malformed, resembling fans in appearance, and may form yellow bands around the veins
  • deforms shoot growth
  • leads to poor fruit set and shot (seedless) berries
  • productive lifespan of the vine and its winter durability are diminished.
66
Q

Where and when appeared Flavescence Dorée the first time?

A

1949
Armagnac

67
Q

How spreads Lavescence Dorée disease?

A
  • Leafhopper insects
  • propagation of infected vines
68
Q

What happens if a vine is affected by Flavescence Dorée?

A
  • delay budbreak
  • slow shoot growth
  • eventually causing bunches to fall off the vine and berries to shrivel
  • discolor leaves
  • pustules and cracks to form
  • may kill young vines.
69
Q

Which kind of disease is Flavescence Dorée?

A

Phytoplasma Disease

70
Q

What are the ingredients of a Bordeaux mixture?

A

Copper, sulfur, water, lime

Introductory CMS (4 decks)

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