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Certified specialist of wine > Grape varieties > Flashcards

Grape varieties Flashcards

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1
Q

Grapes belong to genus ______

A

Vitis

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2
Q

Which species is used widely for commercial wine making

A

Vitis Vinifera

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3
Q

It is believed that the vitis vinifera grapes were developed in ________

A

Caucasus mountain region between Europe and Asia

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4
Q

What is the second most important grape speices

A

Vitis Labrusca

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5
Q

Where did Vitis Labrusca originate from

A

It is native to North America

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6
Q

Where and when were the Labrusca grapes found

A

They were found growing in wild in North America during the colonial period

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Vitis labrusca

A

Sweet, flavourful, high in acidity but has an undesirable flavor which is pleasant in fresh grapes but not in wine. It is often referred to as Foxy

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8
Q

Which grape variety has natural resistance to phylloxera

A

North American vines

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9
Q

What is Phylloxera

A

A microscopic louse or aphid that lives on and eats the roots of grapes.

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10
Q

What is Scion

A

A young shoot of the vinifera that can be grafted onto the trunk or rootstock of north american vines to achieve phylloxera resistant plant

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11
Q

Name other North American vine species

A

Vitis Riparia, Vitis Aestivalis, Vitis Rupestris

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12
Q

Define species with example

A

A scientific grouping of plants or animals that are genetically similar, have broad characteristics in common, and can produce viable offspring through sexual reproduction. eg: vinifera, labrusca

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13
Q

Define Variety with example

A

A variety is an identifiable group of vines of the same species that share many characteristics of appearance, flavor and growth. Eg: Chardonnay and Syrah are varieties

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14
Q

What is a clone

A

In viticulture, the grape varieties are propagated by asexual means, that can be considered as clones or perfect copies of the parent grape. The term is usually used to mean grapes that are slightly different from their parent

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15
Q

Define Mutation with example

A

A mutation is derived from the vines that has developed different characteristics from its parents or fellow clones through imperfect reproduction of cells. It is a slow and a natural development that can lead to a new type of grape variety altogether.
Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris are considered to be mutual strains of Pinot Noir

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16
Q

What is Cross or Crossing with example

A

A cross is the offspring of sexual reproduction between different subspecies within the same species.
Eg: Cabernet Sauvignon is a cross between Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc

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17
Q

What is Hybrid, give examples

A

A result of sexual reproduction between 2 closely related but different species such as Vitis Vinifera and Vitis Labrusca.
Eg: Sayval Blanc, Vidal Blanc and Baco Noir

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18
Q

Why were hybrid grape varieties developed

A

They are grown in an attempt to create a grape that could withstand ravages of powdery mildew, phylloxera, cold weather, humidity and other challenges.

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19
Q

Why are hybrids not universally accepted

A

They struggle to develop tannins and can be exceedingly acidic.

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20
Q

Hybrids are fertile. True or False

A

False, Hybrids are not fertile

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21
Q

What is an International grape variety

A

A group of grape varieties that have been found to thrive in a wide range of growing conditions and are currently grown in many areas throughout the world are International grape varieties

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22
Q

What do you mean by indigenous grape variety

A

Grape varieties that are planted in their native area are often referred to as traditional, native or indigenous.

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23
Q

Give examples of Indigenous and International grape varieties

A

International: Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc
Indigenous: Airen, Nebbiolo, Xarel Lo, Xinomavro, Furmint

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24
Q

Name the top chardonnay producing countries

A

France, USA, Australia

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25
Q

Less acidic and fuller bodies chardonnays come from

A

California and Australia

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26
Q

On what kind of soil does chardonnay expresses itself the most

A

Limestone soils

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27
Q

Aroma characteristics of chardonnay

A

Cool Climate: Green apple, melon, pears, citrus
Warm Climate: Tropical fruit aromas
MLF and Oak aged: Butter, vanilla, butterscotch, caramel, toast

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28
Q

Chenin Blanc can be made in what styles

A

Dry to very sweet

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29
Q

What is Steen

A

Its another name for Chenin Blanc, mostly used in South Africa

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30
Q

Where did Chenin Blanc originate from

A

Loire Valley

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31
Q

Chenin Blanc is widely planted in_______ and what % of all plantings does it represent

A

South Africa and it represents 18% of all plantings

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32
Q

Why do winemakers keep residual sugar in Chenin Blanc wines

A

To take the edge off the sharp acidity

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33
Q

Name a few styles of sweet chenin blanc

A

Late Harvest, Noble Rot

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34
Q

France produces more Chenin Blanc than SA. True or False

A

False, France produces half of SA’s total plantings

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35
Q

Top Chenin Blanc producing countries

A

South Africa, France, USA

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36
Q

Give a few well known examples of regions known for producing Chenin Blanc

A

Vouvray, Savennieres, Saumur

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37
Q

Acidity level of Chenin Blanc

A

Medium plus to High

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38
Q

Describe the aroma characteristics of Chenin Blanc

A

Green apple, melon, green plum, citrus blossoms, earth, mineral, wet wool, honey and quince.

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39
Q

Muscat is used to produce_____

A

Sweet wines

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40
Q

Muscat has been mutated many times, name a few varieties from the muscat family

A

Muscat Blanc a Petis Grains, Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat Ottonel

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41
Q

What does Muscat Blanc a Petis grains translate into

A

White muscat with small berries

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42
Q

What aromas do all muscats share

A

Powerful floral aromas and the scent of fresh white grapes in finished wine

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43
Q

Give a few well known examples of dessert muscats with their respective country of produce

A

Vins Doux Naturels from Southern France
Rutherglen Muscat from Australia
Moscatels from South of Spain

44
Q

What is Moscato d’Asti

A

It is a wildly popular Muscat based wine which is moderately sweet and slightly sparkling wine from the Northwestern Italy

45
Q

Top Muscat producing countries

A

Italy, France, Chile, Australia

46
Q

Well known examples or regions of Muscat

A

Southern france, Northern Italy, Australia

47
Q

What are the aroma characteristics of Muscat

A

Musk, honey, orange blossom, floral, apricot, table grapes

48
Q

Acidity level of Muscat

A

Low to Medium

49
Q

Pinot Grigio is a mutation of

A

Pinot Noir

50
Q

Why is Pinot grigio also referred to as “Gray Pinot”

A

Because of the grape’s dusky or lightly pink colored skin

51
Q

Pinot Grigio of Italy became the ______ of France

A

Pinot Gris

52
Q

French Term, Pinot Gris is used to identify

A

the wines produced in Alsace region of France

53
Q

Cool climate Pinot Gris has characteristics like

A

med+ acidity, med-full bodied, apple, pear aromas and almond like character

54
Q

What is Pinot Gris called in Germany

A

Rulander or Grauburgunder

55
Q

Warmer regions display _____ acidity and ____ alcohol than cooler regions

A

Medium acidity and Higher alcohol

56
Q

Wines labelled as Pinot Grigio are often

A

Dry, neutral and unoaked

57
Q

Well known regions producing Pinot Grigio

A

Northeastern Italy, Oregon and Alsace

58
Q

Top Pinot Grigio producing countries

A

Italy, USA, Germany, France, Australia

59
Q

Aroma characteristics of Pinot Grigio

A

Apple, Lemon, Melon, Peach, Minerals and Almond

60
Q

Why can Riesling be known as an Indigenous grape to Germany

A

Because of its ability to withstand cold weather

61
Q

What unique smell does Riesling give to make it easily recognizable

A

Petrol scent

62
Q

In what styles can Riesling be made in

A

Dry, off dry, medium-sweet range

63
Q

What is a normal range of ABV in wines made from Riesling

A

7-8%

64
Q

Other ways from which dessert Rieslings can be made in

A

Late harvest and Botrytis affected

65
Q

Describe acidity level in Riesling

A

The grape is naturally high in acidity and the grape is able to retain it with increasing level of ripeness

66
Q

Why is residual sugar added in finished Riesling wines

A

To balance the high acidity in wine

67
Q

Riesling wines are among the most long lived wines. Why ?

A

High level of acidity and sugar, both have a preservative effect

68
Q

Riesling wines are mostly oak aged. True or False

A

False, the wines are rarely aged

69
Q

What is Missouri Riesling

A

It is an American indigenous grape variety. It is nowhere related to Riesling grape

70
Q

What is White Riesling

A

It is a synonym of Riesling mostly used in USA

71
Q

Top Riesling producing countries

A

Germany, Australia, France, USA

72
Q

Regions well known for Riesling wines

A

Germany: Mosel, Rheingau, Rheinhessen, Pfalz
France: Alsace
Australia: Clare and Eden Valley
USA: Finger lakes in NY, Washington State

73
Q

Aroma characteristics for riesling

A

Lime, peach, nectarine, apricot, honeysuckle, wet stone, petrol/kerosene, baking spices

74
Q

Sauvignon Blanc is native to

A

France

75
Q

Where in France did the Sauvignon Blanc gain its reputation

A

Loire Valley and Bordeaux

76
Q

Sauvignon Blanc grows well in_____ climate

A

Cooler climate

77
Q

What defines the versatility of Sauvignon Blanc

A

It acts as a barometer of soil, site and viticultural practices and can produce different styles of wine depending on where its grown and how is it handled in the winery

78
Q

Which country has got a reputation for Sauvignon Blanc

A

New Zealand

79
Q

What characteristics does Sauvignon Blanc show in NZ

A

Distinct herb character, fruit forward flavors of Grapefruit and tropical fruit

80
Q

What is Fume Blanc

A

It is Oaked Sauvignon Blanc style named by California wine maker, Robert Mondavi for marketing purposes

81
Q

Sauvignon Blanc table wines are usually

A

High in acidity and dry

82
Q

What grape is blended in Sauvignon Blanc and why

A

Semillon, a low acid grape is added to regulate the acidity in wine

83
Q

What premium dessert wine uses Sauvignon Blanc in Bordeaux

A

Sauternes

84
Q

Top countries producing Sauvignon Blanc

A

France, USA, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa

85
Q

Notable regions for Sauvignon Blanc

A

Sancerre, Pouilly Fume, White Bordeaux

86
Q

Aroma characteristics for Sauvignon Blanc

A

Grass, hay, grapefruit, green pepper, asparagus, tropical fruits, gooseberry, flint, smoke, toast

87
Q

Semillon is best known as

A

A blending partner

88
Q

In Australia, Semillon is often blended with _____

A

Chardonnay

89
Q

On its own, Semillon shows what character in its wine

A

It has a distinct oily or waxy character on the palate and shows citrus, floral( honey suckle, lemon blossom), tree fruit(peach, pear or green apple)

90
Q

When slightly underripe, Semillon displays _____ notes

A

Herbal

91
Q

Which region is known for producing wines from 100 % semillon

A

Hunter Valley, Australia

92
Q

Where was Vioginer found

A

Outside of Northern Rhone Valley, France

93
Q

Where is Viognier widely planted

A

Australia, California, South America, Texas, East coast of USA

94
Q

What character does the Viognier show

A

Rich, viscous, full bodied and aroms of flowers, peach and tangerine

95
Q

Pinot Blanc is a descendant of ______

A

Pinot Noir

96
Q

Where is Pinot Blanc mostly found in

A

Italy

97
Q

What are the other names for Pinot Blanc in Italy and Germany and Austria

A

Italy: Pinot Bianco

Germany and Austria: Weissburgunder

98
Q

Which grape did Pinot Blanc mutate from

A

Pinot Gris

99
Q

What makes Gewurztraminer unique and what are its aroma characteristics

A

It is one of the most aromatic white grape varieties with a unique perfume of flowers, spice, lychee and rose

100
Q

Where was Gweurztraminer grape first recorded

A

Italian Alps

101
Q

Where is Gewurztraminer mostly grown in

A

Alsace

102
Q

Which country is Trebbiano Toscano associated with

A

Italy

103
Q

Apart from wines, where else is Trebbiano Toscano/Ugni Blanc used for

A

making balsamic vinegar, brandy, cognac

104
Q

What is Trebbiano Toscano called in France

A

Ugni Blanc

105
Q

Name the other significant white grape varieties of the following countries
Argentina, Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland

A

Argentina: Torrontes Riojano
Austria: Gruner Veltliner
France: Aligote, Marsanne, Roussanne
Germany: Muller-Thurgau, Silvaner
Greece: Assyrtiko, Moschofilero, Rhoditis
Hungary: Furmint
Italy: Cortese, Garganega, Glera, Verdicchio, Vermentino, Vernaccia
Portugal: Alvariho, Arinto, Fernao Pires, Loureiro
Spain: Albarino, Godello, Macabeo/Viura, Palomino, Parellada, Pedro Ximenez, Verdejo, Xarel-lo
Switzerland: Chasselas

Certified specialist of wine (4 decks)

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