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Grape Growing Flashcards

1
Q

what are four considerations when selecting varieties?

A
  1. taste
  2. quality
  3. budding and ripening times
  4. resistance to disease
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2
Q

What is cutting?

A

A section of a vine shoot is planted in the ground and grows as a new plant.

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3
Q

What is layering?

A

Cane is bent down, a section is buried underground with the tip pointing upwards. That section takes root, then the link to the original vine is evered.

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4
Q

Name of the process where positive mutations are selected for propogation?

A

clonal selection

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5
Q

Examples of mutations treated as new varieties?

A

Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris (from Pinot Noir)

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6
Q

How long before grapes are produced from seeds?

A

2-3 years

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7
Q

Difference between crossings and hybrids?

A

Crossings are new varieties of the same species. Hybrids have parents from two different species.

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8
Q

Three examples of crossings and their lineage?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon (Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet France), Mueller Thurgau (Riesling and Madeleine Royale), Pinotage (Pinot Noir and Cinsault)

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9
Q

How does Phylloxera hurt vines?

A

In phase one of their lifecycle, they live underground and feed on the roots. Infection enters through feeding wounds.

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10
Q

How do American vines protect against phylloxera?

A

They fill the bug’s mouth with sticky sap. Also form protective layers to prevent secondary infection.

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11
Q

Describe the two kinds of grafting

A

Bench - machine cuts, stored in a warm place so two parts fuse

Head - existing cane cut back to trunk, bud/cutting of new variety grafted. Produces fruit at next vintage.

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12
Q

Name the green parts of the vine

A

shoot, leaves, buds, flowers and berries

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13
Q

what are a vines flower bunches called?

A

inflorescences

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14
Q

How many buds on cane?

A

8-20

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15
Q

How many buds on spur?

A

2-3

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16
Q

How do you restrict the amount of permanent wood?

A

pruning

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17
Q

Three purposes of roots?

A
  1. absorb water and nutrients from soil
  2. anchor the vine
  3. store carbohydrates for winter
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18
Q

Five things the vine needs?

A
  1. heat
  2. sunlight
  3. water
  4. nutrients
  5. carbon dioxide
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19
Q

Below what temperature will it be too cold for the vine to grow?

A

10C

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20
Q

What five factors affect heat?

A
  1. latitude
  2. altitude
  3. ocean currents
  4. fog
  5. soil
  6. aspect
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21
Q

Name two ocean currents that help cool warm regions?

A
  1. the Humboldt Current off Chile
  2. the Benguela Current off South Africa
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22
Q

Name a current with a warming influence on a cooler climate?

A

Gulf Stream on north west europe

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23
Q

Name two regions cooled by fog?

A
  1. California
  2. Casablanca Valley in Chile
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24
Q

Name a region which benefits from steep slopes?

A

Mosel in Germany

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25
Below what temperature will a vine be seriously damaged?
-20C
26
What part of the vine is most at risk from winter freeze?
the graft
27
What is the name of the process used to protect the graft from winter freeze?
earthing up
28
What are the two risks of mild winters?
1. the vine will not have a dormant period 2. larger populations of insect pests
29
four main means of protection against spring frosts?
1. heaters 2. wind machines 3. sprinklers 4. thoughtful vineyard design
30
Three factors affecting sunlight?
1. latitude 2. seas and lakes 3. aspect
31
Three kinds of irrigation?
1. drip irrigation 2. sprinklers 3. flood irrigation
32
Name an area particularly prone to hail?
Mendoza in Argentina
33
What temperature is a cool climate?
16.5C or below
34
What temperature is a moderate climate?
16.5-18.5
35
What temperature is a warm climate?
18.5-21
36
What temperature is a hot climate?
21 and above
37
Main characteristics of a continental climate?
* high continentality * dry summers * for cool: risk of spring frosts/low temperatures that affect flowering/fruit set/ripening
38
Example of a cool continental climate
* Champagne * Chablis
39
What varieties will be suited to a cool continental climate?
Ones that bud late and ripen early
40
Main characteristics of a maritime climate?
* cool to moderate temperatures * low continentality * grapes ripen into autumn * risk of rainfall in spring/summer
41
Example of a maritime climate?
Bordeaux
42
Main characteristics of a mediterranean climate?
* Low continentality * Low rainfall
43
Examples of Mediterranean climates?
* Mediterranean * Coastal California * Chile * South Africa * South Eastern Australia
44
Component parts of soil?
1. Stones 2. Sand 3. Clay 4. Humus
45
What is Humus composed of?
decomposing material
46
How does water stay stored in soil?
Binding to clay particles and humus
47
What do sand and stone do to soil?
facilitate drainage
48
What is the combination of sand and clay called?
49
What are the three most important nutrients in soil?
1. nitrogen 2. phosphorous 3. potassium
50
what happens when there is a lack of nutrients in the soil?
chlorosis (leaves turn yellow, ability to photosynthesise is restricted)
51
Three considerations for a producer when selecting a site?
1. Environmental 2. Business 3. Grape variety
52
How would you protect young vines from animals?
plastic sleeves
53
In what circumstances might irrigation be allowed even when not otherwise?
for young vines
54
What age will most vines be replaced?
30-50 years old
55
what are the pros and cons of old vines?
pros: - produce fruit of exceptional quality, with greater concentration of flavours cons: - yield decreases - more susceptible to disease
56
How long will vineyard land be left fallow/unplanted for after vines are dug up?
three years
57
what is vine pruning?
the removal of unwanted leaves, canes and permanent wood
58
what is winter pruning for?
* determining the number and location of buds that will form shoots in the upcoming season * making sure buds aren't too close together
59
what is another name for replacement cane pruning?
guyot pruning
60
what is summer pruning for?
trimming the canopy to direct sugar production to the grape and give bunches optimum exposure to sunshine
61
Name two regions that use bush vines?
* Southern Rhone * Barossa
62
Name the kind of vine management system used in Beaujolais?
Gobelet
63
What is the range of planting density per hectare?
1,000 - 10,000 vines per hectare
64
How might yields be measured?
weight (tonnes of grapes per hectare) volume (hectolitres of wine per hectare)
65
What might interfere with estimates of yield?
1. frost damage 2. poor fruit set 3. pests 4. diseases
66
How might yield be reduced after veraison?
green harvesting
67
what is green harvestig?
removing immature grapes shortly after veraison
68
what is risky about green harvesting?
if done at the wrong time, the vine will compensate for the loss by increasing the size of the grapes that have been retained - diluting flavour
69
Name four kinds of pest
1. phylloxera 2. nematodes 3. birds and mammals 4. insects
70
How would you protect against nematodes?
sanitising the soil before replanting and using resistant rootstocks
71
How do nematodes hurt vines?
they attack the roots of vines interfering with water and nutrient uptake. In some instances also transmit vine viruses.
72
how do insects hurt vines?
They feed on grapes and leaves
73
Name two fungal diseases
1. downy and powdery mildew 2. grey rot
74
How does downy and powdery mildew hurt vines?
affect all the green parts including leaves and grapes. If affected grapes lose their fruity flavour - mouldy bitter taint.
75
What is grey rot caused by?
*Botrytis cinerea*
76
How does grey rot damage grapes?
taints grape flavours and leads to colour loss in black grapes
77
What kind of spray would you use on powdery mildew?
sulfur-based spray
78
What kind of spray would you use on downy mildew?
Bordeaux-mixture, a copper-based spray
79
How can viruses be eradicated?
Only by digging up vines and sanitising the land
80
How are bacterial diseases spread?
Small insects called sharpshooters
81
What is the difference between sustainable, organic and biodynamic agriculture?
**sustainable** - use of man-made chemicals restricted. Grape growers encouraged to understand life cycles of pests and monitor weather to prevent outbreaks. Integrated pest management - using predators. Biodiversity - no monoculture of vines (helps predators, provides nutrients for vines) **organic** - similar to sustainable, but only a limited number of traditional treatments allowed in small quantities. Accreditation required. Needs a period of conversion to organic standards. **biodynamic** - based on Steiner and Maria Thun. Organic practices plus philosophy and cosmology. Homeopathic remedies called 'preparations' used for fertilisation, disease and pests.
82
What happens as grapes ripen?
1. skins change colour 2. sugar levels rise and acid levels drop 3. tannins become less bitter and astringent
83
Five factors that would influence whether to machine or hand harvest?
1. how the vineyard is planted 2. labour availability/cost 3. topography 4. weather conditions 5. winemaking choices
84
What is MOG?
Matter Other than Grapes
85
What are two advantages of machine harvesting?
1. speed 2. can work through the night
86
Three advantages of hand harvesting?
1. grape selection in the vineyard 2. less damage to grapes 3. grape stems are retained/whole bunches
87
Name three places where steep slopes make hand harvesting essential?
1. Mosel 2. Douro 3. Northern Rhone
88

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