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WSET3 > Grape Growing > Flashcards

Grape Growing Flashcards

1
Q

what are four considerations when selecting varieties?

A
  1. taste
  2. quality
  3. budding and ripening times
  4. resistance to disease
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2
Q

What is cutting?

A

A section of a vine shoot is planted in the ground and grows as a new plant.

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3
Q

What is layering?

A

Cane is bent down, a section is buried underground with the tip pointing upwards. That section takes root, then the link to the original vine is evered.

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4
Q

Name of the process where positive mutations are selected for propogation?

A

clonal selection

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5
Q

Examples of mutations treated as new varieties?

A

Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris (from Pinot Noir)

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6
Q

How long before grapes are produced from seeds?

A

2-3 years

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7
Q

Difference between crossings and hybrids?

A

Crossings are new varieties of the same species. Hybrids have parents from two different species.

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8
Q

Three examples of crossings and their lineage?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon (Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet France), Mueller Thurgau (Riesling and Madeleine Royale), Pinotage (Pinot Noir and Cinsault)

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9
Q

How does Phylloxera hurt vines?

A

In phase one of their lifecycle, they live underground and feed on the roots. Infection enters through feeding wounds.

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10
Q

How do American vines protect against phylloxera?

A

They fill the bug’s mouth with sticky sap. Also form protective layers to prevent secondary infection.

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11
Q

Describe the two kinds of grafting

A

Bench - machine cuts, stored in a warm place so two parts fuse

Head - existing cane cut back to trunk, bud/cutting of new variety grafted. Produces fruit at next vintage.

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12
Q

Name the green parts of the vine

A

shoot, leaves, buds, flowers and berries

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13
Q

what are a vines flower bunches called?

A

inflorescences

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14
Q

How many buds on cane?

A

8-20

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15
Q

How many buds on spur?

A

2-3

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16
Q

How do you restrict the amount of permanent wood?

A

pruning

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17
Q

Three purposes of roots?

A
  1. absorb water and nutrients from soil
  2. anchor the vine
  3. store carbohydrates for winter
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18
Q

Five things the vine needs?

A
  1. heat
  2. sunlight
  3. water
  4. nutrients
  5. carbon dioxide
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19
Q

Below what temperature will it be too cold for the vine to grow?

A

10C

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20
Q

What five factors affect heat?

A
  1. latitude
  2. altitude
  3. ocean currents
  4. fog
  5. soil
  6. aspect
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21
Q

Name two ocean currents that help cool warm regions?

A
  1. the Humboldt Current off Chile
  2. the Benguela Current off South Africa
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22
Q

Name a current with a warming influence on a cooler climate?

A

Gulf Stream on north west europe

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23
Q

Name two regions cooled by fog?

A
  1. California
  2. Casablanca Valley in Chile
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24
Q

Name a region which benefits from steep slopes?

A

Mosel in Germany

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25
Q

Below what temperature will a vine be seriously damaged?

A

-20C

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26
Q

What part of the vine is most at risk from winter freeze?

A

the graft

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27
Q

What is the name of the process used to protect the graft from winter freeze?

A

earthing up

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28
Q

What are the two risks of mild winters?

A
  1. the vine will not have a dormant period
  2. larger populations of insect pests
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29
Q

four main means of protection against spring frosts?

A
  1. heaters
  2. wind machines
  3. sprinklers
  4. thoughtful vineyard design
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30
Q

Three factors affecting sunlight?

A
  1. latitude
  2. seas and lakes
  3. aspect
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31
Q

Three kinds of irrigation?

A
  1. drip irrigation
  2. sprinklers
  3. flood irrigation
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32
Q

Name an area particularly prone to hail?

A

Mendoza in Argentina

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33
Q

What temperature is a cool climate?

A

16.5C or below

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34
Q

What temperature is a moderate climate?

A

16.5-18.5

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35
Q

What temperature is a warm climate?

A

18.5-21

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36
Q

What temperature is a hot climate?

A

21 and above

37
Q

Main characteristics of a continental climate?

A
  • high continentality
  • dry summers
  • for cool: risk of spring frosts/low temperatures that affect flowering/fruit set/ripening
38
Q

Example of a cool continental climate

A
  • Champagne
  • Chablis
39
Q

What varieties will be suited to a cool continental climate?

A

Ones that bud late and ripen early

40
Q

Main characteristics of a maritime climate?

A
  • cool to moderate temperatures
  • low continentality
  • grapes ripen into autumn
  • risk of rainfall in spring/summer
41
Q

Example of a maritime climate?

A

Bordeaux

42
Q

Main characteristics of a mediterranean climate?

A
  • Low continentality
  • Low rainfall
43
Q

Examples of Mediterranean climates?

A
  • Mediterranean
  • Coastal California
  • Chile
  • South Africa
  • South Eastern Australia
44
Q

Component parts of soil?

A
  1. Stones
  2. Sand
  3. Clay
  4. Humus
45
Q

What is Humus composed of?

A

decomposing material

46
Q

How does water stay stored in soil?

A

Binding to clay particles and humus

47
Q

What do sand and stone do to soil?

A

facilitate drainage

48
Q

What is the combination of sand and clay called?

A
49
Q

What are the three most important nutrients in soil?

A
  1. nitrogen
  2. phosphorous
  3. potassium
50
Q

what happens when there is a lack of nutrients in the soil?

A

chlorosis

(leaves turn yellow, ability to photosynthesise is restricted)

51
Q

Three considerations for a producer when selecting a site?

A
  1. Environmental
  2. Business
  3. Grape variety
52
Q

How would you protect young vines from animals?

A

plastic sleeves

53
Q

In what circumstances might irrigation be allowed even when not otherwise?

A

for young vines

54
Q

What age will most vines be replaced?

A

30-50 years old

55
Q

what are the pros and cons of old vines?

A

pros:

  • produce fruit of exceptional quality, with greater concentration of flavours

cons:

  • yield decreases
  • more susceptible to disease
56
Q

How long will vineyard land be left fallow/unplanted for after vines are dug up?

A

three years

57
Q

what is vine pruning?

A

the removal of unwanted leaves, canes and permanent wood

58
Q

what is winter pruning for?

A
  • determining the number and location of buds that will form shoots in the upcoming season
  • making sure buds aren’t too close together
59
Q

what is another name for replacement cane pruning?

A

guyot pruning

60
Q

what is summer pruning for?

A

trimming the canopy to direct sugar production to the grape and give bunches optimum exposure to sunshine

61
Q

Name two regions that use bush vines?

A
  • Southern Rhone
  • Barossa
62
Q

Name the kind of vine management system used in Beaujolais?

A

Gobelet

63
Q

What is the range of planting density per hectare?

A

1,000 - 10,000 vines per hectare

64
Q

How might yields be measured?

A

weight (tonnes of grapes per hectare)

volume (hectolitres of wine per hectare)

65
Q

What might interfere with estimates of yield?

A
  1. frost damage
  2. poor fruit set
  3. pests
  4. diseases
66
Q

How might yield be reduced after veraison?

A

green harvesting

67
Q

what is green harvestig?

A

removing immature grapes shortly after veraison

68
Q

what is risky about green harvesting?

A

if done at the wrong time, the vine will compensate for the loss by increasing the size of the grapes that have been retained - diluting flavour

69
Q

Name four kinds of pest

A
  1. phylloxera
  2. nematodes
  3. birds and mammals
  4. insects
70
Q

How would you protect against nematodes?

A

sanitising the soil before replanting and using resistant rootstocks

71
Q

How do nematodes hurt vines?

A

they attack the roots of vines interfering with water and nutrient uptake. In some instances also transmit vine viruses.

72
Q

how do insects hurt vines?

A

They feed on grapes and leaves

73
Q

Name two fungal diseases

A
  1. downy and powdery mildew
  2. grey rot
74
Q

How does downy and powdery mildew hurt vines?

A

affect all the green parts including leaves and grapes. If affected grapes lose their fruity flavour - mouldy bitter taint.

75
Q

What is grey rot caused by?

A

Botrytis cinerea

76
Q

How does grey rot damage grapes?

A

taints grape flavours and leads to colour loss in black grapes

77
Q

What kind of spray would you use on powdery mildew?

A

sulfur-based spray

78
Q

What kind of spray would you use on downy mildew?

A

Bordeaux-mixture, a copper-based spray

79
Q

How can viruses be eradicated?

A

Only by digging up vines and sanitising the land

80
Q

How are bacterial diseases spread?

A

Small insects called sharpshooters

81
Q

What is the difference between sustainable, organic and biodynamic agriculture?

A

sustainable - use of man-made chemicals restricted. Grape growers encouraged to understand life cycles of pests and monitor weather to prevent outbreaks. Integrated pest management - using predators. Biodiversity - no monoculture of vines (helps predators, provides nutrients for vines)

organic - similar to sustainable, but only a limited number of traditional treatments allowed in small quantities. Accreditation required. Needs a period of conversion to organic standards.

biodynamic - based on Steiner and Maria Thun. Organic practices plus philosophy and cosmology. Homeopathic remedies called ‘preparations’ used for fertilisation, disease and pests.

82
Q

What happens as grapes ripen?

A
  1. skins change colour
  2. sugar levels rise and acid levels drop
  3. tannins become less bitter and astringent
83
Q

Five factors that would influence whether to machine or hand harvest?

A
  1. how the vineyard is planted
  2. labour availability/cost
  3. topography
  4. weather conditions
  5. winemaking choices
84
Q

What is MOG?

A

Matter Other than Grapes

85
Q

What are two advantages of machine harvesting?

A
  1. speed
  2. can work through the night
86
Q

Three advantages of hand harvesting?

A
  1. grape selection in the vineyard
  2. less damage to grapes
  3. grape stems are retained/whole bunches
87
Q

Name three places where steep slopes make hand harvesting essential?

A
  1. Mosel
  2. Douro
  3. Northern Rhone
88
Q
A

WSET3 (3 decks)

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