Gramsci

Question 1

Describe Scientific Marxism

Answer 1

• it is associated with Marx
• argues the economic base determines the superstructure. i.e. economic determinism - society is predictable if you can understand economics

Question 2

Describe Neo/Western Marxism

Answer 2

• Gramsci’s amendment of classical marxism
• considers why the proletariat revolution never happened
• why did capitalism remain strong?
• wanted to overcome the limitations of classical marxism by thinking further than economics and putting culture back in

Question 3

Gramsci was…

Answer 3

.. the first to reinvent marxism and one of the most influential western marxists

Question 4

Gramsci’s ideas can be used and interpreted by many different disciplines so..

Answer 4

.. there is much scope for them to be misused. his prison notebooks are often misinterpreted and appropriated to all sorts of arguments

Question 5

Gramsci’s main idea was..

Answer 5

.. that oppression isn’t only about using force but about gaining consent

Question 6

Femia said..

Answer 6

.. “hegemony is the predominance obtained by consent rather than force of one class over other classes”

Question 7

Gramsci argues that domination doesn’t solely rely on the use of force and coercion but highly depends on…

Answer 7

.. the ability of the ruling elite to obtain consent from those ruled with moral and intellectual leadership

Question 8

how are the bourgeoisie hegemonic?

Answer 8

because they develop a culture propagating their own norms and values that become accepted as the cultural norm

Question 9

what do the hegemonic class need to do in order for hegemony to be successful?

Answer 9

they need to establish alliances with other subordinate groups and get them to accept their norms and culture

Question 10

hegemony is about..

Answer 10

.. establishing alliances to gain compliance

Question 11

Who argues that a ruling power who asks for consent but cannot give aspirations will not survive?

Answer 11

Jones

Question 12

Why, according to Gramsci, do we accept hegemonic behaviour?

Answer 12

because of primary and secondary socialisation

Question 13

how did Gramsci view education?

Answer 13

as part of the system of hegemony where individuals were socialised into accepting the status quo.

Question 14

what is counter hegemony?

Answer 14

where education offers a potential method to develop critical awareness and consciousness to resist cultural and ideological oppression

Question 15

how can we resist oppression within education?

Answer 15

question things

Question 16

Gramsci argues that political power and influence is only possible with the use of….

Answer 16

… cultural hegemony

Question 17

culture is implemented by the ruling classes to achieve consent by the working classes to their …

Answer 17

.. cultural norms which are beneficial only to them

Question 18

Who argued that Gramsci saw society as the public sphere where “ideas and beliefs were shaped” and where the ruling classes…

Answer 18

Heywood
“hegemony was reproduced in cultural life through the media, universities and religious institutions to manufacture consent and legitimacy”

Question 19

Gramsci’s ideas exposed the need for the bourgeoisie to…

Answer 19

… establish a normative and widely accepted culture

Question 20

who emphasised the need for an ideological struggle to challenge ruling class hegemony. and that Gramsci’s concept of hegemony highlighted the impact that those in power have on culture and raised the question of….

Answer 20

Coole

… whether the norm was beneficial to us

Question 21

what does Gambles highlight about the effects of policy?

Answer 21

he highlights the effects policy can have on culture in setting up dominant ideals about what is good or appropriate behaviour

Question 22

Who suggests that culture has to be seen as the lived dominance and subordination of particular classes?

Answer 22

Williams

Question 23

Gramsci’s ideas about how consent and power is maintained allowed people to…

Answer 23

… criticise this consent and challenge normative culture

Question 24

Hall argues Gramsci’s concepts can be used to understand the role of culture in racial issues, for example…

Answer 24

… in the media it became a norm to stigmatise black people. he saw cultural elements of society as having a political and ideological role in domination

Question 25

Who comments the broadness and applicability of Gramsci’s ideas?

Answer 25

Hall

Question 26

what does Ledwith say about Gramsci and feminism?

Answer 26

“his insightful analysis of hegemony and the subtle nature of consent offered feminists a conceptual lead” on understanding the role women’s subordination plays in society and how it is accepted as common sense.

Question 27

what did the concept of hegemony, according to Ledwith, allow feminism to do?

Answer 27

demystify the prevailing hegemony

Question 28

Gramsci’s ideas led to feminist theory and ideas to form based around…

Answer 28

… the idea of culture being circulated to serve a purpose

Question 29

who said policy has consequences for how people perceive a good mother?

Answer 29

Jenson and Tyler

Question 30

who argues Gramsci was in some ways responsible for work such as Arnot’s and what did Arnot theorise?

Answer 30

Ledwith.
Arnot theorised that hegemony could be applied by and t benefit men and in such ways women learned to accept a male dominated culture and their subordination became a norm.

Question 31

gramsci’s ideas about how power and consent was maintained allowed people to..

Answer 31

.. criticise this consent and challenge normative culture