Grammer Rules Flashcards by Kim Slattery

Irregular Umlaut Verbs - present tense

Mostly verbs w/”a” in stem
umlaut in 2nd person singular (du) and 3rd person singular (er)
examples = fahren (fährst,fährt) , fallen (fällst,fällt), schlafen (schläfst, schläft), tragen (trägst, trägt)
Also stoßen (stößt,stößt)

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At home vs. going home

zu Hause = at home

nach Hause = going home

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Wo vs. Wohin

Wo = where something is
Wohin = where someone is going

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Du present tense t vs st

t only if verb ends in s, ss, ß, z, tz

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Plurals - end in consonant

often take “en” (die reservierungen); but r takes just an n (schwestern)

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Gender: ends in ER

Masculine / der Lehrer

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Gender: ends in EL

Masculine / der Löffel

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Gender: ends in EN

Masculine / der Wagen

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Gender: ends in IG

Masculine / der König

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Gender: ends in ICH

Masculine / der Teppich

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Gender: ends in ING

Masculine / der Frühling

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Gender: ends in E

Feminine / die Schule

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Gender: ends in IN

Feminine / die Studentin

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Gender: ends in UNG

Feminine / die Prüfung (test)

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Gender: ends in SCHAFT

Feminine / die Freundschaft (friendship)

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Gender: ends in EI

Feminine / die Bäckerei

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Gender: ends in TÄT

Feminine / die Universität

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Gender: ends in HEIT

Feminine / die Gesundheit

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Gender: ends in KEIT

Feminine / die Einsamkeit (loneliness)

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Gender: ends in IE

Feminine / die Poesie

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Gender: ends in TION

Feminine / die Information

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Gender: ends in CHEN

Neuter / das Mädchen

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Gender: ends in LEIN

Neuter / das Fräulein

Gender: verbs used as nouns

Neuter

Gender: ends in UM

Neuter / das Datum (date)

Gender: ends in IUM

Neuter / das Stadium

Gender: prefix of GE

Neuter / das Gemüse

Plurals: end in ER

ending doesn't change add umlaut if a, o, u is first noun der Vater, vier Väter

Plurals: end in EL

ending doesn't change | add umlaut if a, o, u is first noun

Plurals: end in EN

ending doesn't change | add umlaut if a, o, u is first noun

Plurals: short, masculine nouns

Add e to end. Often add umlaut. | der Sohn, vier Söhne

Plurals: end in IN

add nen | die Freundin / vier Freundinnen

Plurals: Feminine words

add n or en

Plurals: Neuter

Mostly don't change

Plurals: Neuter one syllable

add er, sometimes umlaut | das Fahrrad / die Fahrräder

When & How Adjectives Take Endings

Adjectives preceding the noun take endings e for singular nouns; en for plural Das kleine Kind; die kleinen Kinder Adjectives at the end of a sentence do not take endings. Das Kind is klein

Present tense & verb position

Verb is always second position ... either proceeded by the subject Kim ist müde but also when not Heute ist Kim Müde.

Prefixes: be

inseparable

Prefixes: ent

inseparable

Prefixes: emp

inseparable

Prefixes: er

inseparable

Prefixes: ge

inseparable

Prefixes: ver

inseparable

Prefixes: zer

inseparable

Prefixes: an

separable

Prefixes: auf

separable

Prefixes: aus

separable

Prefixes: bei

separable

Prefixes: ein

separable

Prefixes: her

separable

Prefixes: hin

separable

Prefixes: mit

separable

Prefixes: nach

separable

Prefixes: um

separable

Prefixes: weg

separable

Accusative Case (general)

Applies to the article of a direct object. Common after haben. der >> den; ein >> einen also changes pronouns ich >> mich also changes adj. for masculine nouns (den neuen Schüler) add "n" to match to select words - jungen, herrn, Soldaten

Accusative Case (prepositions & phrases)

Articles/pronouns should be in the accusative after the following prepositions: bis, um, wider, ohne, für, gegen, durch Also use accusative after gibt es