Grammer Flashcards
過去完了 had pp
（過去に）～してしまった
I had seen my boyfriends when I across the cross.
Had you writen a research paper when you were a graduate school student?
現在完了形 have pp
～してしまった
I have known you each other since I was ten
She seems to have lost her keys around here
未来完了 will have pp
～しているでしょう。
I will have completed the tasks by tomorrow.
My mother will have been 60 years old next year.
It has been (time) since S V過去形
It is (time) since S V過去形
(time) has passed since S V過去形
It has been 20 years since she got started to live here
仮定法過去 If S V過去形, S would V原形
would might should could
～ならば、今頃…であろう
If you were the rich, you would use money endlessly
Could you takes actions if I did it now?
仮定法過去完了 If S had pp, S would have pp
would might should could
～していたならば、あの時…だったであろう
If the problems had come up and complecated each other, we could not have achieved the goal.
Would you have decided whether you come or not if I had told you the participants of the party?
仮定法過去、過去完了 If S had pp, S would V原形
would might should could
～していたならば、今頃…であろう
Could you takes actions if I had done it by then ?
It might changed us if we had met the star.
仮定法未来
If S should V原形, S would V原形 / 命令文 →ありえないこと、１％くらいの確率で起こる
If S were to V原形, S would V原形 →完全に妄想
If anyone should call up, say that I’ll be back at 8
If you were to fall down from the bridge, it would be impossible to rescue you
I wish SV過去形 今OOならなー
I wish SV過去完了 昔OOだったならなー
I wish I was a rich man.
I wish I had seen the noted person.
I wish と同じ使い方をするもの
How I wish, If only, I’d rather
withoutを使った仮定法
～がなければ
The problem would not have been solved without your help
withoutと同じ仮定法の用法
But for ~
If it were not for ~ (Were it not for ~)
If it had been not for ~ (Had it been not for ~)
as if まるで
SV as sv 表す時制がV=vのとき、vは過去形を使用する
SV as sv 表す時制がvのほうが過去のとき、vは過去完了形を使用する
She works as if she was an ant
She blames as if he had collapsed the blocks.
used to 過去のことを客観的に伝える
He used to eat breakfast in the morning
There used to be a big tree here.
慣れている
be used to ~動詞
be accsutomed to ~名詞
He is used to be getting up early
He is accustomed to trains full of people
may well ~
mayの意味を強める
you may well get angry with him 彼に対して怒ってもいいよね
It may well rain tonight 今夜はきっと雨だろうね
may as well ~
might as well ~
どちらかというと～かな
may as well ~( as not ~)
It is not so far from here, so I might as well walk. 遠くないから歩いてもいいかな
still
It was still a popular place
The city became still more modern.
Could you stay still for a moment?
would it be ~?
~だろうか？？
Would it be better to have many stuff around you?
たくさんのものを所持することはよいことなのだろうか？
It’s the first time he has driven a car
運転するのが初めて。
It’s the first time S have pp
Alex is getting married next month
個人的な予定をいう場合はwill ではなく 現在進行形を使ったほうが自然
We were going to go by train
電車で行く予定だった。→電車ではいかなかった
I will do it
何かを決めた際に使う
意思表示
shall I ~?
～しましょうか？
will you ~?は、～やってほしいんだけどな～というニュアンスが入る
She will pass the exam
不確実性のある場合はwillを使う→不確実性を表す副詞と相性が良い
probably, surely
I am sure I will ~
I will do if you ask me to do it
will文において、if / when 句は現在形。
manage to, be able to
具体的なシーンで使用する。
It is difficult for you to manage to escape if a natural disaster happend
There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn’t be hard to find a place to stay
shouldは起こりそうな未来に対しても使うことができる
I insisted that he apologise
shouldはinsist, recommend, suggest, demand, proposeの後に使用できる。ただし、そのときにshould は省略できる
It’s strange that he should be late
I was surprised that he should say such a thing
shouldは起こりそうな未来に対しても使うことができる
遅れるなんて奇妙だ
あんなこと言うなんて驚きだ
strange odd funny typical natural interesting surprised surprising
If the situation should change, we will contact you
Should the situation change, we will contact you
shouldを使うことで可能性が低いことを表す
状況がもしも変わったら、連絡するよ
The car won’t start
The car wouldn’t start
車はエンジンを始動しようとしない、しなかった
拒絶する、した のようなニュアンスもある
In summer, if the weather was fine, we would all get up early.
Whenever he was angry, he would walk out of the room
天気の良い夏には、朝早く起きていた
彼が起こったときはいつも、部屋を出て行った。
would = used to
Do you mind if I use this pen?
Is it all right if I use this pen?
Would you like a cup of coffee?
I wish you a happy birthday
I hope you have a happy birthday
I wish someone something
I hope someone have something
I don’t like being told what to do.
受動態の使い方
指示されるのはいやだ
= I don’t like people tell me what to do
Until you come here, I waited playing game.
until
By the time she is ordered, she stood upright here
by the time ~
Every time you visit Japan, please get in touch with me
every time ~
The humbergar shop serves the moment customers order
the moment~, the minute, the instant
please be careful the next time you leave here
the next time
I can keep your seacrets unless you betray me
unless
In case the creature run away, please take a look it
in case その生き物が逃げるといけないから，みておいて
you’ll keep your high performance as long as you do it everyday
as long as
It would be guilty as far as I know
as far as
主観：助動詞 must, will, would(よく～した）
客観：疑似助動詞 have to, be going to, used to
may, could, must + have + pp 予想
I may (might) have dropped my purse
He must have been an actor when he was young
He can’t have told a lie 嘘をついたはずがない
should, ought to + have + pp 嫌味
You should have seen a doctor earlier
He should not have said such a thing to her
What do you desire me to do?
desire to
She longs to be a member of the college
long to
He offers to join a project
offer to ～すると申し出る
the organization schems to install a new system
scheme to計画する
the greater resolved to make a proof of the equation
resolve to 決心する
I seek to go abroad for a dream come true
seek to ～しようと努力する
I can afford to pay that expensive thing
can afford to ~ ~する余裕がある
It appears to have passed away from this world
appear to ~ ~のようだ
We failed to reach the top of the mountain
fail to
He survived the operation, only to die in a car accident
必死に運転したが，結局自動車事故で亡くなった
only to ~ 結果的に～しただけ
She went out, never to return
never to ~
結果～しない
He seems to be rich
He seems to have been rich
He seemd to be rich
He seemed to have been rich
裕福なよう
裕福だったよう
裕福のようだった
裕福だったよう（過去）
The girl was so kind as to take me to the station
so ~ as to ~
優しいので（結果）駅に私を連れて行ってくれた
They ran to the theater so as not to be late for the performance
so as to ~ ために
遅れないために 走った
I was so sleepy that I couldn’t keep my eyes open
so ~ that~
眠かったので目を開けていられなかった
He made us stay late so that we could finish the report by next morning
so that~
レポートを終わらせるために
He knows better than to leave his homework completed late last night
better than to~ ～しないだけ分別がある，≠するほど馬鹿じゃない
She has no choice but to join the project
have no choice but to ~ ~するほかない
Cats’ action has much to do with their insticts
has much to do with ~ ~とおおいに関係がある
You statement has nothing to do with our topics
have nothing to do with~ ～と全く関係がない
My parents advices have something to do with my actions
have something to do with~ ～と少し関係がある
The last point leave nothing to be desired
leave nothing to be desired 「望むものがない」状態を「残している」=
申し分がない
His standpoints left much to be desired
leave much to be desired 遺憾な点が多い
You are to blame
be to blame 責められる運命＝責められるべき
I cannot bring myself to invest the project
cannot bring my self to ~ ~する気になれない
To be sure, he was not there
to be sure 確かに
to begin with, I will illustrate one diagram
to begin with手始めに
To do Taro justice, he is very honest
to do 人 justice 人を公平に判断すると
To make matters worse, the economy is going older
to make matters worse さらに悪いことには
To say the least, she is amazing
to say the least ひかえめに言っても
to say nothing of baseball, it can fascinate spectators
needless to say, baseball can fascinate spectators
to say nothing of ~ ～は言うまでもなく
not to speak of
not to mention
Not to say, skinny, he is slim
not to say ~ ～とまでは言わないが
strange to say
strange to say 奇妙なことだが
So to speak walking dictionary
so to speak いわば
She has been eager to join the project
be eager to ~ ～したがる
He is sure to check for his paper repetedly
be sure to ~ 確実に～する
His success is due to his sense of humor
due to ～のおかげ
He is due to return to Japan
due to ～する予定
The bicycle rider is likely to fall down in the moment
be likely to ~ ~しそう
My daughter is apt to leave things
be apt to~ ~しがち，～する傾向
br liable to ~, be prone to ~
After signing the contract, he was bound to fulfill its conditions
be bound to ～しなければならない，,
する運命にある
The prediction is bound to be wrong
be bound to~ ~する運命にある
間違ってるに決まってる
意味上の主語
所有格+-ing
He insisited on her resting
彼女が休むことを主張した
I feel like having dinner
feel like -ing ～したい
It goes without saying that he won a prize
It goes without saying that いうまでもなく
She always wears an apron in cooking
in -ing ～するときに
On coming home, he switched on the TV
on -ing ～するとすぐに
There is no telling what happen tomorrow
There is no -ing ～できない
明日は何があるかわからん
This is a plastic model of ship of my own making
~ of onw’s own -ing …が〇〇した~
It is no use tracking him
it is no use -ing ~しても無駄だ
I cannot help playing a game
cannot help -ing どうしても～してしまう
She cannot print out without finding out wrong point
cannot … without -ing …すると必ず～する
Diamond is worth protecting
be worth -ing ～する価値がある
He spends all day in playing a game
彼はゲームをして1日を過ごす
The dog was careful in walking across the road
be carefull in -ing ～するときに気を付ける
There is no use submitting report now
There is no use -ing ~しても仕方がない
he got used to being in his dirty room
get used to -ing ～に慣れる
get accustomerd to -ing
The staff took to spending extra time at work during the busy season
take to -ing ～が習慣になる
When it comes to playing baseball, he is like a boy
when it comes to -ing ～のことになると
I came close to missing my flight
come close / near to -ing ~するところだった
When I was a student, I devoted myself to plyaing baseball
devote oneself to -ing ～するのに専念した
dedicate, commit
The manager planned new project with a view to enhancing public support
with a view to -ing ～することを目的として
Novelists confine themselves to writing
confine oneself to -ing ～することに限定する
NPO contributes itself to helping the poor
contribute oneself to -ing ~することに貢献する
What do you say to reading books?
What do you say to -ing? ~するのはどうですか？
Sleeping is preferable to studying overnight
be preferable to -ing ～するよりOOのほうが好ましい
She confessed to cheating on other guy
confes to -ing ～することを白状する
Don’t speak with your mouse full
with O C
She spoke with tears in her eyes
with O C
Because there was no objection, they accepted the plan を分詞構文に
there being no objection, they accepted the plan
A man come up to her, asking her to dance
近寄ってきて，（そして），踊りましょうといった
The boy sat on the grass, looking at the setting sun
座って，（そして）日が沈むのを見た
Given the situation, you are likely to win the other
その状況を考慮すると，勝ちそうだね
given ～ ～を考慮すると
Considering all things, you will drop your class
すべてを考慮すると落第するだろうね
considering all things
Other things being equal, this side is better
other things being equal ほかの条件が同じなら
such being the case, the next candidate have to bring a sourvenir
such being the case そういうわけで
weather permitting, next game will begin on time
weather permitting 天気が良ければ
Your trial can be failed owing to the weather
owing to ~ ～が原因で
be + being + pp
The door is being painted そのドアはペイントされている
They heard him sing を受動態に
He was heard to sing
They heard him singing を受動態に
He was heard singing
前置詞 ＋ when, which
形容詞節 完全文
Adults envy the ease with which children gain fluency in another language
子供があっさりと外国語を流ちょうに話せるようになることを大人はよくうらやむ
前置詞 ＋ what
形容詞節・副詞節 不完全文
As he was in hurry, George only gave a brief description of what he wanted our team to do in order to improve the product
ジョージは急いでいたので，製品を改善するために私たちにしてほしいことを簡単に説明しただけだった
what one should be
人のあるべき姿
Reading is to the mind what food is to the body
本と精神の関係は食と体の関係と同じ
He is what is called a bookworm
what is called いわゆる
bookworm 本の虫
She is modest, what is more, very beautiful
what is more さらには
modest 奥ゆかしい
OOever たとえ～ともと訳す
Whoever may object this plan, I will carry it out
Whoever breaks this law will be purnished
She gave me a book, which I couldn’t understand →明確に関係詞節を表現するには？
She gave me a book, which book I couldn’t understand
She gave me a book, which fact I couldn’t understand
As is often the case with him, he is late for school on rainy days
疑似関係代名詞 AS
As is often the case with 人
The committee did not think that mike was quite as qulified for the scholarship as tech succsessfull candidate was.
not as ~ as は not >= と同じ意味。つまり ～ほどじゃない と訳す
He is not so much a scienetist as a poet
not so much as A as B
A よりむしろB
He is as wise as any man
as ~ as any A どのAにも負けず劣らず～だ
He is as great a scholar as ever lived
as ~ as ever lived きわめて～な
He is as poor as poor can be
as A as {A} can be この上なくAだ
My father doesn’t so much as reach remote controller on the table
do not so much as 原形 ~さえしない
He couldn’t so much as write his own name
cannot so much as 原形 ~さえできない
He entered the office without so much as knocking
without so much as -ing ～さえしない
The bridge is three times the length of that one
X times the 名詞
During the morning rush hour they’re twice as bad
比較対象が前の文脈からわかるとき，省略される
as bas as this など
My brother is the taller of the two
the + 比較級 2つのうちで～な方
兄はその2人のうち背が高いほうです
I like him all the better for his faults
all the 比較級 for ~ (because ~)
allは強調，theはその分だけという意味，for/becauseは理由
その理由の分だけ，（比較級）だ＝～を理由にますますOOだ
欠点があるからなおさら私は彼が好きだ
I love him none the less for his faults
all the 比較級 for ~ (because ~)の none版
その欠点があるから好きじゃなくなるなってことはない
The older he grew, the poorer his memory became
年をとればとるほど，記憶力が衰えていく
He is no more intelligent than a monkey
彼はサル並みに頭が悪い
no more ~ than A A と同様，まったく～でない
thanの後は一例を提示しているだけ
He is no less intelligent than Einstein
彼はアインシュタイン級に頭が良い
I have no more than 1000 yen
1000円しか持ってない only
I have no less than 1000 yen
1000円も持っている as many as
I have not more than 1000 yen
1000円しか持ってない
I have not less than 1000 yen
少なくても1000円は持ってる
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is
クジラは馬同様に魚ではない
flying birds
birds flying
飛ぶ鳥（永久的）
飛んでいる鳥（一時的）
形容詞にも能動，受動がある
forget: forgetful(忘れっぽい），forgettable(印象に残らない）
respect: respectful（敬意を示す），respectable（立派な）
envy：envious(嫉妬している），enviable(嫉妬されるぐらい良い）
３つのeは単数扱い
each every either neither
always 100%
usually generally 80%
often frequently 60%
sometimes 50%
occationally 20%
seldom rarely 10%
hardly ever, scarcely ever 5%
not, never 0%
so, as, too, how, however
She is so great a singer
普通なら She is a very good singer
Bill is rich enough to buy that car
ビルはあの車を買えちゃうくらい金持ちです
enough は形容詞に対して後ろから修飾する
say to 人 that~
suggest to 人 that~
explain to 人 that~
apologize to 人 that~
A teacher said to me that I should keep doing anything for my future
S suggest that s {should} 原形 命令文で使う ※実際にはshould は仮定法現在
suggest propose recommend advise advocate insist request require demand ask order command urge decide determine
His mother suggested us that we be under a little bit stressful environment to enhance our skills.
It is 命令形容詞 that s {should} 原形 ※実際にはshould は仮定法現在
命令形容詞
important crucial vital essential necessary indispensable imperative advisable desirable preferable anxious
It is vital that the document be neat and clearly worded
It is 感情形容詞 that s should 原形
It is 感情形容詞 that s 直説法
感情形容詞
shocking （嫌な，ぎょっとするような）
annoying, irrritating（嫌な）
surprising, alarming（驚くべき）
strange, odd（奇妙な）
It is strange that he should not know it
on
接触の意
～中 on a diet
依存 depends on ~
影響 have influence on~, impose A on B
for
方向性
substitute A for B Bをほんとは使いたいんだけど，Aを使う
範囲を限定
He looks younge for his age 彼の年齢の割には若い 「わりには」
of
分離・所有
be independent of ~ ～から独立
with
もともと対立の意
She is angry with him
The announcement of our captain’s resignation took us by surprise
驚かせることで捕まえた
by surprise 驚かせることにより→驚かせて
You were lucky in that you were able to get an education.
Both sides were wrong in that they were engaged in war.
in that ～ ～だから
Now that things are better, we should talk about the problem.
Now that you put it that way, I sort of agree with you.
now that ~ いまや～だから
put it that way 言い方を変える
Even if you do not want to do it, you have to be involved it that project
even if, even though
It doesn’t matter to me whether you are good or bad. I need you.
君が善人だろうが悪人だろうが僕には関係ないね。君が必要なんだよ。
whether節 ～してもしなくても 接続詞
You have to smoke where you’re allowed to.
Put the book back where it was.
喫煙エリア（煙草を吸えるところ）で煙草を吸わないとだめですよ。
その本を元の場所に戻しなさい。
where ～するところで 接続詞
I had no sooner uttered the words than I regretted them
No sooner had I sat back and relaxed than my wife asked me to do the chore.
no sooner vs than SV vsするとすぐにSVする
その言葉を発してすぐに後悔した
私がソファーに腰かけるとすぐに妻が家事を頼んできた
Hardly had I left home when it began to rain
We had gotten home when it stopped raining.
hardly vs when SV vsするとすぐにSVする
家を出たらすぐに雨が降り始めた (ほとんど家を出ていないころに，雨が降り始めた)
私たちは、雨がやんだとき、すでに家に着いていた
Despite the fog, I went for a walk.
霧にもかかわらず私は散歩に出かけた。
despite, in spite of
For all his knowledge, he can’t find a job.
あれだけの知識があっても、彼は仕事が見つからない。
for all ~にもかかわらず
Notwithstanding her parents’ strong objections, she flew to the UK to marry Jeff.
Notwithstanding the long-running debate, there was no progress on the issue.
notwithstanding ～にも関わらず 前置詞、副詞、接続詞
両親の強い反対にもかかわらず、ジェフと結婚するためイギリスへと渡った
長期にわたる議論にも関わらず、その問題には何の進展もなかった
Second of all, the EU is treading very cautiously lest it should create the impression that it is “jumping the gun,”
lest s should ~ sが～しないように should はよく省略される 新聞などのかたい文章で出てくる
第二に、欧州連合はフライングをしているという印象を作り出さないように、非常に慎重に事を進めています。
He studied hard for fear that he should fail.
彼は失敗するといけないので一生懸命勉強した。
for fear that s should ~ sが～しないように
I don’t remember anything except that he was wearing a hat.
私は彼が帽子をかぶっていたこと以外は何も覚えていません。
