Grammer Flashcards by Niusha Jfr

ساختار هاي سببي معلوم(فاعل كننده كار مشخص است)

I got ali to fix my car
I had ali fix my car
I will get someone to fix my car
I will have someone fix my car
فاعل كننده كار : ali , someone

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ساختار سببي مجهول(فاعل كننده ي كار مشخص نيست)

I got my car painted
I had my car painted
I will get/have my car painted

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I would rather that you drove the car

از would rather براي بيان ترجيح انجام عمل توسط كس ديگري غير از خود گوينده استفاده شده .
فعل بايد به صورت گذشته بيايد.

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Used to = would
Used not to
Never used to

عادت در گذشته

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To be + used to + فعل ing

عادتي كه از گذشته اغاز شده و هنوز هم ادامه داره

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Get used to + فعل ing

We will soon get used to paying more money for fuel

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I would rather

گذشته : I would rather + have + p.p
استمراري: would rather + be+ verb+ ing

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You had better

گذشته ندارد
خودش حال و اينده است

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To be + supposed to ( معلوم)
To be + supposed to + be + p.p (مجهول)

*انتظار رفتن
*فعل بعدي به صورت ساده بدونto
*اگر در زمان گذشته به كار برود به معناي انتظاري است كه براورده نشده.

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جملات ارزويي wish

*جملات ارزويي و شرطي به جاي was از were استفاده ميكنيم.
*زمان جمله ي پايه را يك زمان عقب ميبريم
اگر بيانگر گلايه گوينده از شرايط موجود است حال ساده به اينده در گذشته تبديل مي شود.
It is raining now. I wish it would stop.
I wish you would …. : بيان خواهش
We are going to be late. I wish you would hurry.

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Coordinating conjunctions

Yet، but : مغايرت
So : بيان نتيجه
Nor : بعد از اين جمله به ساختار سوالي مي ايد
I didn’t speak french, nor did I write it.
For : دليل و علت
The stayed there, for they didm’t have enough money to move
And
Or

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Correlative conjunction
اتصال جملات كامل به هم يا دوتا فعل يا دو تا صفت … به هم

*Either…or
Either I will come, or I will call you
*Neither… nor
Neither am I rich, nor am I poor
*Not only…. But also
Not only is bob here , but his roommates are also here / not only bob is here, but his roommates are here
*both…and : هميشه فعل جمع مي ايد

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On the contrary

بيان تضاد بين دو جمله كه كاملا متضاد اند، اكثرا جمله ي قسمت اول منفي وجمله قسمت دوم مثبت است.
Our last exam wasn’t difficult ; on the contrary, it was easy.

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كوتاه شدن جمله واره قيدي

حذف فاعل و فعل كمكي ، ingدار شدن فعل اصلي
I fell while I was running down the stairs:
I fell while running down the stairs.

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كوتاه شدن جمله وار صفتي
*در صورتي كه بعد از موصول بلافاصله فعل بيايد يعني موصول در نقش فاعل هم باشد

حذف موصول و فعل ربطي
The student who is talking to the teacher is from china :
The student talking to the teacher is from china
I don’t undrestand the article which appears in today’s paper :
I don’t undrestand the article appearing in today’s paper.

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جمله واره صفتي :
ضروري، غير ضروري(بدل)

That
فقط در جملات صفتي ضروري به كار ميرود

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جمله واره اسمي ميتواند فاعل باشد

در اين صورت فقط از that ميتوان استفاده كرد

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وارونگي

*قيود مكان اول جمله
*قيود منفي ساز اول جمله
No,not,never,nor,neither,barely,hardly,
Rarely,scarcely,only rarely,only barely,seldom,not until , not once ,not one
*حذف if در جمله شرطي دارايshould,were,had

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وارونگي در ساختار هاي مقايسه اي اختياري است

We were more prepared than the other people were.
We were more prepared than were the other people

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مصدر شكسته غلط است

He should try to completely solve the problem ✖️
He should try to solve the problem completely ✔️

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اگر اسم در نقش صفت بيايد جمع بسته نميشود و s مالكيت نميگيرد

Two bus stops.
I got my car license. (ماشين صفت هست)

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در تركيبas…as مي توان از قيد استفاده كرد به شرطي كه فعل(غير از فعل to be) را توصيف كند.

Ali speaks as fluently as reza

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هرگز قبل از صفت تقضيلي(تر) از more استفاده نكنيد
(براي بيان شدت )

Ali is more taller than reza✖️
Ali in much taller than reza ✔️

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بعد از افعال حسي صفت به كار ميرود

افعال حسي :
Become , look , taste , feel , sound, apear

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بعد از صفت هاي توصيف كننده ي حالت روحي انسان ميتوان از مصدر to استفاده كرد.

We were sorry to hear. I was surprised to see him at the meeting

صفات مربوط به حالات روحي انسان

Glad to Happy to Pleased to Lucky to Sad to Proud to Nice to Ashamed to Ready to Eager to Willing to Amazed to Shocked to

صفت هاي poor,rich, tall ميتوانند اسم باشند كه در است صورت قبل از ان بايدthe بيايد

The poors need help

Half, three times, twice

Iranians consume three times as much fuel as americans. Japanese eat twice as much fish as other people. We have half books as many as we need

صفت فاعلي براي غير انسان و صفت مفعولي براي انسان به كار ميرود

Ali is shocked because the fim is shocking.

صفت هيچگاه جمع بسته نميشود

قيود وسط جمله اي

Always,usually,often,seldom,already, Sometimes,finally,just,probably,ever,never *قبل از افعال حال و گذشته ساده *بعد از افعال to be *بين فعل كمكي و فعل اصلي

قيود تشديد كننده و بيان نتيجه Cause and effect

So + صفت/قيد + that Such + (صفت+) اسم + that Such a nice man that everyone appreciates him It was Such nice weather that… The weather was so nice that …

So that , so مي توانند براي بيان قصد و هدف به كار روند كه در اين حالت كلمه اي بينش قرار نميگيرد *معادل in order to

I turned off the tv so (that) my roommate could study in peace.

بعد از very عبارت فعلي ديگري به كار نميرود

He is very kind and helpful.

So do I I do too I don’t either Neither do I = nor do I

Few , a few : قابل شمارش Little , a little : غير قابل شمارش

Few , little : ميزان كم و نا كافي A few , a little : ميزان كم ولي كافي

Many of the books ✔️ Many of my books✔️ Many books ✔️ Many of books ✖️

All the students ✔️ All of the students ✔️ All of students ✖️ All students ✔️ ————— Both of those men✔️ Both men ✔️ Both of men ✖️ *وقتي اسم بعد از all و both نا شناس باشد نميتوان of بياوريم ولي اگر شناس باشد اوردنof اختياري است

One , each , every + اسم قابل شمارش مفرد One of,each of,every of + اسم قابل شمارش جمع

قيد مكان قبل از قيد زمان به كار مي رود

Between : بين دو نفر Among: بين بيش از دو نفر

To , for : قصد و هدف *بعد از to فعل مي ايد *بعد از for عبارت اسمي مي ايد

He went to university to continue his education.✔️ He went to university for further education.✔️ He went to university for continuing his education.✖️

With , by : به وسيله ي *بعد از with ضمير يا a/an بايد بيايد

He went to school by bus. He opened the can with an opener. He went to school with his friend.

Instead , instead of

You can go to cinema instead of park. You can go to cinema instead. (اخر جمله)

Despite, in spite of *بعد ازdespite نبايد of به كار ببريم *اگر بعد از اين دوتا the fact that اومد بايد جمله ي كامل بياوريم

Despite the rain,we went to the party. In spite of the rain , we went to the party. Despite / in spite of the fact that it was rainy , we went to the party.

حروف اضافه

In favor of(به نفع ، در حمايت) By means of (به وسيله ي) In hopes of In lieu of (به جای ، در عوض) In search of In the face of (در شرف) In terms of (به واسطه ، به دليل) Be famous for In case of

Upon + verb + ing = when

Upon reaching the age of 21 , I received my inheritance. = when I reached the age of 21 ….

Now that = because now زمان حال يا اينده

اگر فعل need در جمله ي مجهول به كار برود بعد از ان فعلingدار مي ايد

The house needs painting. The house needs to be painted.

Differ from : اختلاف ظاهري Differ with : اختلاف نظر Hanged : اعدام كردن Hung : اويختن

Many people Many of the people Many of them Many of people ✖️

Sometime ✖️ Sometimes ✔️ Any/Somewheres ✖️ Any/Somwhere✔️

Shall = will فاعل I , you

*پيشنهاد دادن Shall we start *كسب اجازه Shall I have your e-mail? *كاري در اينده حتما رخ خواهد داد و فاعل در انجام ان نقشي ندارد I shall be 32 on Monday.

Any longer , any more : اخر جملات منفي No longer : جملات مثبت بعد از فعل اصلي

Much , little , less , amount + اسم مفرد Few , fewer , number , many + اسم جمع (s)

One -> another -> the other

Another : مفرد - نكره Other : مفرد و جمع - نکره و معرفه Others : جمع - نكره و معرفه

نكره : a/an معرفه: the

Already : وسط جمله ی مثبت Yet : انتهای جمله ی منفی (در جملات حال كامل)

در ایجاد ارتباط بین دو جمله در جمله ی مرکب yet به معنای but می باشد: His voice was very weak , yet the students understood him

اگر در ابتداي جمله قيد مكان بيايد فعل و فاعل جا به جا مي شوند مگر اين كه قيد جز ضروري جمله نباشد و بتوان ان را خذف كرد

In the forest are many exotic birds. In the forest I walked for many hours.

با اسامي غيرقابل شمارش مثل اسامي مفرد رفتار ميشود.

هنگامي كه اصطلاح كميت فاعل باشد فعل با مفعول بعد ازof مطابقت مي كند.

All Most + of + فعل + مفعول Some Half

ماضي بعيد يا گذشته ي كامل در جمله اي كه به زمان حال اشاره ميكند به كار نمي رود. حال كامل هم در جمله اي كه مربوط به گذشته است به كار نمي رود مگر since داشته باشيم.

We had left there by 1980 By : گذشته كامل we have lived in since Frisco since 1982. She has worked very hard lately . Lately : حال كامل

Will: بعد از حال ساده Would : بعد از گذشته ساده Would like : فرم درخواست مودبانه است که معمولا با حال به کار میرود

Many, few, fewer , number + قابل شمارش Much ,amount ,little ,less+ غیرقابل شمارش

ضمیر ملکی : بدون اسم صفت ملکی : همراه با اسم Their book : صفت ملکی + اسم Theirs : ضمیر ملکی برای it ضمیر ملکی وجود ندارد. Its book ( صفت ملکی + اسم)

بعد از فعل معمولا قيد مي ايد نه صفت به جز افعال ربطي كه بعدشان صفت مي ايد كه توصيف كننده ي فاعل است.

افعال ربطي : افعال حسي ، مفهوم شدن-بودن-به نظر رسيدن-احساس كردن Apear-be-become-feel-look- prove -taste smell -seem -sound

قيد نبايد بين فعل و مفعول قراربگيرد. (قيد قبل از اسم نمي ايد)

He has daycare recently an English course.✖️ Recently, he has taken an English course.✔️ He has recently taken an English course.✔️ He has taken an English course recently.✔️

صفت هاي اسنادي قبل از اسم به كار نمي روند بلكه بعد از فعل هاي اسنادي (be) مي ايند. صفحه ١٠٢

Alike ,alone, afraid ,asleep,alive

Do : كامل كردن ، به انجام رساندن Make : ساختن و بنا كردن

She likes to make her own clothes : دوختن he was unable to make a response to the threat : پاسخ دادن به تهديد

So : زياد مثبت Too : زياد منفي

You are so beautiful. He is so nice man ✖️ He is such a nice man✔️ بعد از so اسم نمي ايد. He is too tall so he can not sit comfortably on an plane.

In a quick manner حشو است . Quickly ✔️

In order to + فعل So … to + فعل

In order that + جمله کامل So … that + جمله کامل

However , still , nevertheles

نشانه تضاد