grammatic Flashcards
1
Q
This x That
A
This: used when the object is near me
** this is my book / this ruler is mine
That: used when the object is far from me
** that notebook is red / that’s the clock
2
Q
Simple Present (he, she and it)
kiss wash study carry play have
A
- verbs finished in “s, sh, ch, x, o” we add “es” : kisses / washes / fixes
- verbs finished in consonant + Y for “ies”: studies / carries
- verbs finished in vowel+ Y, we just add “s”: plays / pays
ATTENTION: have is irregular, so we use “has”
3
Q
Do / don’t
Does / doesn’t
A
The auxiliares is used to make Simple Present in negative and interrogative form
Do / don’t : I, you, we and they
Does / doesn’t: He, she and it
**remember: when we use the auxiliary, the verb goes back to its base form ALWAYS!!
4
Q
Directions:
turn right / left cross the street pass by the.. / go pass the.. go ahead / straight / along go down the street
A
vire à direita / esquerda atravesse a rua passar pelo.. siga em frente desça a rua
5
Q
Directions:
across from next to behind between far from here
A
em frente de.. perto de.. atrás entre longe
6
Q
There is / are
A or An
A
There: used to indicate people, situation, objects..
A or An: used in singular discriptions
examples:
- There is a girl reading a book
- There is an international airport in SP
7
Q
Present Continuous
have, drink, fly, know, open, write, want, dance, be
A
have (simple present, or use “having” for dinner, meal or conversation) drinking flying know (simple present) opening writing want (simple present) dancing being
8
Q
Present Continuous
see, like, agree, run, need, imagine, get, listen, die, hope, lie
A
seeing like (simple present) agreeing running need (simple present) imagine (simple present) getting listening dying hope (simple present) lying
9
Q
Present Continuous
want, like, need, know, hope, imagine, love, enjoy, prefer, understand, hate, have
A
All of them we don’t use in present continuous, we use in simple present
have: can be use as “having” with meal or conversation
- Im having dinner
- we are having a conversation/ chat
10
Q
Plural
car, pencil, glass, dish, tomato, topaz, cherry, city, knife, leaf
A
- for words finished in “s, sh, ch, x, o, z” we add “es”
- for the most of the words we just add “s”
- for words finished in consonant + Y, we change “Y” for “IES”
- words finished in “F or FE”, we change for “VES”
11
Q
Plural
fish, information, equipament, sheep, deer, advice
A
For these words, the plural is the same as a singular form
12
Q
Plural
rádio, child, studio, piano, mouse, photo, foot, tooth, zoo, quiz, man
A
Exceptions to the rule of “ES”:
radios, studios, pianos, photos, zoos, quizzes
Irregular forms: man - men child - children foot - feet ox - oxen goose - geese mouse - mice tooth - teeth
13
Q
Birthday x Aniversary
A
Birthday: a day that I born
- my birthday is August 28th
Aniversary: it’s a celebration
- married, city…
14
Q
What is it mean: ‘s ?
A
- Contract form of verb to be
- Genetive case: used to say that something belongs to someone
- boy’s toys, Janie’s cats, John and Mary’s house
**Don’t use with two inanimate things (the door’s of my house)
15
Q
Simple Past
dance, cry, play, look, clean, stop, fix, pray, borrow
A
danced cried played looked cleaned stopped fixed prayed borrowed
16
Q
Simple Past
bring, read, drink, see, speak, know, say, be, think, eat, have
A
There are all irregulares:
brought read (pronuncia: passado red, presente rid) drunk saw spoke knew said was / were thought ate had
17
Q
When x While
A
When: used to describe a past event which was interrupted for another one
- we were watching tv when my father arrived home
While: used to describe two actions at the same time
- I was watching tv while my mother was preparing the dinner
18
Q
Present Perfect
A
Used to describe actions that started in the past and continue up to the present
Also describe actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past
Structure: subject + has/ have + past participle + complement
19
Q
Just
Ever
Already
Yet
A
Just: recent past event (+)
Ever: to ask about life experiences (?)
Already: actions that happened sooner than expected (+,?)
Yet: something that hasn’t happened until now (-, ?)
+ affirmative
? interrogative
- negative
20
Q
Never
For
Since
A
Never: answer about life experiences (+)
For: actions that still continue (+)
Since: a point in time until now (+)
21
Q
Some or Any
A
Both can be used with “there” to plural descriptions.
Some to affirmative
- There are some words that I don’t know
Any to interrogayive and negative
examples:
- There aren’t any apples on this tree
- Are there any books on this table?
22
Q
to rent
realtor
landlord
lease
A
alugar
corretor imobiliário
proprietário
contrato de aluguel
23
Q
Present Perfect x Simple Past
- PP: an action that happened in an indefinite time
- I’ve bought a Coldplay CD
A
- SP: an action that happened in a definite time
* I bought a Coldplay CD last week
24
Q
Present Perfect x Simple Past
- PP: unfinished actions
- They have worked together for five years
(they still work together)
A
- SP: finished actions
*They worked together for five years
they don’t work together anymore
25
Present Perfect x Simple Past
- PP: finished action with a result in the present
*Dan has broken his leg recently
(he can’t walk now)
- SP: finished actions with no result in the present
| * Dan broke his leg recently
now, he is fine
26
Present Perfect x Simple Past
- PP: finished action in someone’s life. The person is still alive
* I’ve been to NY several times (I’m alive)
- SP: finished action in someone’s life. The person is dead
| * My grandfather went to NY three times (he died last year)
27
Places:
```
lake
river
waterfall
craft fair
amusement park
```
```
lago
rio
cachoeira
feira de artesanato
parque de diversões
```
28
At the immigration:
- What are you going to do here?
- What kind of study programmer are you applying for?
- How much money do you have in your wallet?
- Could you show me your passport?
- Where are you going to stay?
Just practice the answers
29
At the immigration:
- Are you a terrorist?
- Do you have your host family’s letter?
- Business or pleasure?
- Do you have anything suspicious in your bags?
Just practice the answers
30
Before the dates, we put “on”
- on August 1st...
(I discovered it writing in my english diary 🤗)
31
Vocabulary: clothes
```
coat
sweater
panties
underwear
bra
skirt
tights
```
```
casaco
sweater
calcinha
cueca
sutiã
saia
meia fina
```
32
Vocabulary: clothes
```
swimsuit
hood
socks
high heels
scarf
nightgown
undershirt
flip-flops
```
```
roupa de banho
moletom com touca
meias
salto alto
echarpe
camisola
regata
chinelo
```
33
Lamp x Lightbulb
Lamp: abajur
Lightbulb: lâmpada
*the lightbulb of the lamp
34
Vocabulary: household problems
* The power is out - Where am I going to read at night? Everything is dark
* The roof leaks - Use a bucket for the leaks
* The faucet drips - Isolate the sink. Use another one
* The garage is flooded - The mais is going to dry it
```
roof = cobertura
leaks = vazamento
bucket = balde
faucet = torneira
drips = pingar
sink = pia
flooded = inundado
maid = empregada
dry it = secar
```
35
Vocabulary: household problems
* The air conditioning doesn’t work - I have to call an electrician
* The lightbulb is burned out - Turn ir off and change it
* The wall is cracked - I have to call a bricklayer
* The toilet is clogged - I have to call a plumber
```
lightbulb = lâmpada
burned out = queimada
cracked = rachada
bricklayer = pedreiro
clogged = entupido
plumber = encanador
```
36
Vocabulary: household problems
* The lock is jammed - I have to call a locksmith
* The window is broken - Who is going to change the glass?
* There are rats, ants and cockroaches in the kitchen - I have to call an exterminator
```
jammed = presa / travada
locksmith = chaveiro
```
37
Vocabulary: cleaning materials
```
washing powder
dish soap
glass cleaner
furniture polish
bug spray
deodorizer
```
```
sabão em pó
detergente
limpador de vidro
lustra móveis
repelente
desinfetante
```
38
Vocabulary: cleaning materials
```
feather duster
sponge
rubber gloves
broom - sweep the floor
scouring pad
dust cloth
```
```
espanador
esponja
luvas de borracha
vassoura - varrer o chão
bom bril
“tipo um pano”
```
39
Vocabulary: cleaning materials
```
trash bag
recycling bin
dustpan
squeegee - big squeegee
vacuum cleaner
rag
```
```
lixo
reciclagem
pá
rodinho de pia - rodo normal
aspirador
pano de chão
```
40
Interrogative Pronouns
```
What (o que - many options)
Which (qual - determinante options)
Who (quem - informal)
Whom (quem - formal)
Whose (de quem - refereed to possessions)
```
Where (onde - for places)
When (quando - for dates, moments)
Why (pq - about reasons)
How (como - many, much, old, are...)
41
When or How often ?
When: used for a moment or date
- when is your birthday?
- when are we going to have dinner?
How often: about frequency
- how often do you take the dog for a walk?
book 2 - pág 49
42
Agreeing with someone
```
I agree with you a 100 percent
You’re absolutely right
That’s exactly what I think
I couldn’t agree more
Yes, I agree
Absolutely
Exactly
That’s just what I was thinking
```
Disagreeing with someone
```
I don’t think so
I totally disagree
No way
Absolutely not
That’s not right
I’m not sure about that
On the contrary
I’m sorry to disagree with you, but...
```
*”no way” or “I totally disagree” are too strong!
43
Vocabulary: at the hotel
```
baggage cart
room key
wifi password
towels
bed sheet
hair dryer
do not disturb door sign
hanger
heating
air conditioning
```
```
carrinho de bagagem
chave do quarto
senha do wi-fi
toalhas
lençol
secador de cabelo
“não perturbe” aviso de porta
cabide
aquecedor
```
44
Vocabulary: at the hotel
```
snacks
blankets
single room
double room
stairs
elevador
escalator
lobby
continental breakfast
```
```
lanchinhos/ besteiras
cobertores
quarto para 1
quarto para 2
escadas
elevadores
escada rolante
lobby
café da manhã grátis
```
45
Future
Present Continuous: for plans
structure: subject + verb to be + main verb ING
Going to: for plans and predictions based on facts
structure: subject + verb to be + going to + main verb
Will: predictions based on opinions, promises, help/offer, decisions made at the moment (todo o resto)
structure: subject + will + main verb
examples
* I will by a house - intention you but a house
* I’m going to by a house next week - something was planned
* I’m buying a house - near future on a certain future
46
Remember:
“Did” is the past form for singular and plural subjects
* She did the homework last night
* I did the test yesterday
É a forma do passado tanto para do e does.
47
Weather
with Y, is the thing
Rainy = chuvoso
with ING, os the action of the thing
It’s raining = está chovendo
*partly cloudy ⛅️
☔️
48
Temperature
```
cool 😎
freezing 🥶
warm 🌤
hot 🥵
cold 💨
thermometer 🌡
```
Weather
sun ☀️ - sky 🏞 - rainbow 🌈
sunshine ☀️✨ -wind 💨 - storm ⛈
ice 🧊 - snow/snowflake ❄️ - lighting ⚡️
cloud ☁️ - fog 🌫 (névoa)
rain / raindrops ☔️💧
hail (chuva de granizo)
hailstones (granizo)
49
Pratical phases: to ask favors
- Could you do me a favor?
- Can I ask you something?
- I have a favor to ask you
- Could you possibly do me a favor?
- Could you do me a huge favor?
- Can I ask you to do me a big favor?
the most polite:
- I was wondering if I could ask you to do me a favor
- I would like to ask you a favor
50
Comparative of Superiority
- add ER to the end and THAN after: clean- cleaner than / cold- colder than
• Salvador is smaller than São Paulo
- with CVC double the last, add ER and THAN: hot- hotter than / sad- sadder than
• Fortaleza is hotter than Porto Alegre
**NEW is an exception: newer than
- two syllables finished in Y, change for IER and add THAN: busy- busier than / noisy- noiser than
• Is an elephant heavier than a horse
- two or more syllables not finish in Y, add MORE before and THAN after: upset, boring..
• Cars are more comfortable than motorcycles
**words like: clever, common, narrow, pleasant, quiet, simple and stupid accept both forms
51
Comparative of Equality
structure: as + adjective + as
• Jane is as tall as Paula
• He sings as bad as me
```
negative
• Jane isn’t as tall as Paula
• Jane isn’t so tall as Paula
• He doesn’t sing as bad as me
• He doesn’t sing so bad as me
```
Comparative of Inferiority
structure: less + adjective + than
• São Paulo is less attractive than New York
52
Superlative
- use to compare something with more than one
• English is the easiest spoken language in the world (group: languages around the world)
- with one syllable put THE before and EST: clean- cleanest / tall- tallest
• I have the smallest car (of all)
- with two syllables finished in Y, change for IEST: busy- busiest / pretty- prettiest
• This is the heaviest watermelon (of all)
- with three or more syllables THE MOST before the adjective: the most expensive
• Who is the most handsome boy here? (of all)
53
Irregular Comparative and Superlative
```
good - better than - the best
bad - worse than - the worst
far - father - the farthest
little - less than - the least
much - much more than - the most
```
• He has the most money, while she has the least money!
54
Vocabulary: food
```
meat 🥩
pork 🥩🐷
carrots 🥕
cucumber 🥒
garlic 🧄
mushroom 🍄
corn 🌽
```
```
cabbage (repolho)
lettuce (alface)
coriander (coentro)
peas (ervilha)
garbanzo beans (grão de bico)
sweet potato (batata doce)
beets (beterraba)
```
55
Contable Nouns
- Tip: there is a form and singular and plural
• bottles of water (bottle and bottles)
- you can use "many": I have many books
- how many for questions: how many cars do you have?
- “few” for small quantity: I want a few olives
Uncountable Nouns
- Tip: there isn't plural form
- you can use “much”: I want much water
- how much for questions: how much money does she wants?
- little for small quantity: I want just a little water
***A LOT OF can be used for the both
56
Countable Nouns
- they have plural form:
one car - two cars / one apple - two apples / one person - two people
Uncountable Nouns
- they have no plural form:
chocolate / water / money / soup / soda / cheese / milk / oil / spaghetti / onion / popcorn / ketchup
ATTENTION
Water is uncountable, but a glass of water is countable
Bread is uncountable, but a loaf of bread is countable
57
TIP: quando surgir algo e vc não souber como usar, bota no google:
```
esl = para saber como usar e tals
worksheet = pra fazer atividades
```
exemplo: will+verb esl
📚✨
58
Forgot vs forgotten
we use forgot when we say the time that happened (is in the past):
** I forgot my phone here yesterday (here i say the time that happened)
we use forgotten when we don't say the time, ir is a thing that started in the past bit continue in present:
** he forgotten his money? (here we dont say when happened)
59
TIP
- all the “simple” (past, present..) you use “do/does” for interrogative and negative
- all the “continuous” (past, present...) you use “verb to be” and main verb+ing
**you never will use “do/does” and “verb to be” in the same sentence**
60
whose is that car?
that is ___
a. their
b. theirs
b. theirs
61
they asked ___ about her.
a. to me
b. me
b. me
62
I ___ Italy three times.
a. have been to
b. went to
a. have been to
63
Adverbs of frequency
In a sentence, an adverb of frequency has to be placed before the main verb, but always after the verb to be
Examples:
- He normally gets good mark in exams
- She hardly ever comes to my parties
(verb to be)
- She is usually smiley
- Jason is sometimes rude
64
# Choose the correct option
"You ___ kind and understanding"
a. often are
b. are often
b. are often
In a sentence, an adverb of frequency has to be placed before the main verb, but always after the verb to be
65
Qual não tem a pronúncia igual as outras?
a. buy
b. bay
c. by
b. bay
| but i'm not sure hehe'
66
Medidas (comprimento)
- 1 inch (polegadas) = 2,5 centímetros
- 1 foot = 30,5 centímetros
- 1 mile = 1,6 km
Medidas (culinária)
- Teaspoon (tsp) = colher de chá
- Tablespoon (tbsp) = colher de sopa
- Cup = xícara
- Pound = 450 gramas
67
Other or another? What's the difference?
Other = plural
Como "outras/outros". Usamos depois do artigo THE e de PRONOMES possessivos.
"We should buy other plants for the balcony, don't you think?" / "I'm studying other subjects besides English"
"I think that the other computer is the best option." / "Julia has invited her other friend for dinner."
Another = singular
Usaremos ANOTHER quando puder substituir por A DIFFERENT ou para adicionar mais um (one more)
"Oh no... the line is just too long, let's look for another restaurant" / "I didn't like this juice... I'm gonna orden another one"
"This juice is so refreshing and tasty, I'm gonna order another one" / "Julia is my sister but I also have another sibling who is older than both of us"
68
Every day or Everyday?
Every day → I cook every day (todos os dias/frequencia)
| Everyday → This is my everyday meal (diário/característica)
69
Simple Present and the Present Continuous
We've studied the Simple Present and the Present Continuous, both of them describe present tenses, with the exception of the Present Continuous that can also represent the future. The Simple Past, the Past Continuous and the Present Perfect reflect on actions happened in the past.
70
What’s the difference?
The lady is very happy, isn't
she?
She has a beautiful smile,
doesn't she?
She has eaten this dish before,
hasn't she?
i dont know .-.
other ex:
```
This man looks very bored,
doesn't he?
He has an unattractive smile,
doesn't he?
This water looks very
refreshing, doesn't it?
This picture doesn't make you
feel thirsty, does it?
Fruits are very good for health,
aren't they?
We must eat fruits every day,
musn't we
```
