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UNIVERSITY- ENGLISH > Grammar - Word Glossary > Flashcards

Grammar - Word Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain an active voice?

A

an active verb has a usual pattern of Subject, verb, and Object.

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2
Q

What is an adverbial ?

A

Word or phrase that is used to modify a verb or clause

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3
Q

What is an antonym?

A

2 words are antonyms if their meanings are opposite.

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4
Q

Give an example of a antonym

A

hot - cold

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5
Q

What is an article?

A

the articles the (definite) and a or an (indefinite) are the most common types of determiners.
Words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.

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6
Q

What is an auxiliary verb?

A

they are: be, have, do, and the modal verbs. Used to make questions and negative statements, in the progressive + passive, in the perfect.

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7
Q

Gives examples of auxiliary verbs

A

To be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be
To have: has, have, had, having, will have
To do: does, do, did, will do

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8
Q

What is a clause?

A

Special type of phrase whose head is a verb

Can be subordinate or main.

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9
Q

What is a cohesion?

A

a text has one if it is clear how the meaning of its parts fit together. Cohesive devices can help with this.

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10
Q

What is a cohesive device?

A

Words used to show how the different parts of a text fit together

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11
Q

Give an example of a cohesive device?

A

Moreover, For example, In conclusion, However

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12
Q

What is a complement?

A

when a verbs subject adds more information about the subject and its object component does the same for its object

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13
Q

What is a compound?

A

contains at least two root words in its morphology

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14
Q

Give an example of a compound

A

whiteboard, superman, bookshop, daydream, outgrown

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15
Q

What is a co-ordinate or co-ordination?

A

Words or phrases are co-ordinated if they are linked as an equal pair by a co-ordinating conjunction.

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16
Q

What is an etymology?

A

a word’s history: it’s origin in earlier forms of English or other languages, and how its form and meaning have changed

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17
Q

What is a finite verb?

A

A verb in a sentence which is typically a past or present verb.
They cannot be participles or infinitives, cannot stand on their own: they are linked to another verb in the sentence.

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18
Q

What is fronting, fronted?

A

A word or phrase that normally comes after the verb may be moved before a verb.
They are followed by a comma

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19
Q

What is a homonym?

A

Two words that look the exact same when written, and sound the same when pronounced.

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20
Q

Give an example of a homonym

A

Book -> to make a reservation or something we read
Bark -> on trees or the noise a dog makes
Bat -> hit a ball with + an animal

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21
Q

What is a homophone?

A

2 different words that sound exactly the same when pronounced

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22
Q

Give an example of a homophone

A

tail + tale, flew + flu, eye + I, Ad + add, mail + male, plain + plane.

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23
Q

What is an infinitive?

A

basic form, of a verb, used as the head word in a dictionary. They are used:
- after to - after modal verbs

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24
Q

What is an inflection?

A

when we add -ed or change a word, die-> dice, this change of morphology produces an inflection of the basic word which has special grammar. In addition, adding -er to some words, produces a totally different word.

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25
Q

Give an example of an inflection

A

mouse -> mice, walk -> walker, finish -> finished, dog -> dogs

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26
Q

What is an intransitive verb?

A

one that does not need an object in a sentence to complete its meaning

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27
Q

What is a modal verb?

A

used to change the meaning of other verbs. They can express meanings such as certainty, ability, or obligation.

28
Q

Give examples of modal verbs

A

The main ones are will, would, can, could, may, shall, should, must, and ought.

29
Q

What is a modify, modifier?

A

One word or phrase modifies another by making its meaning more specific. Because the 2 words make a phrase, the ‘modifier’ is normally close to the modified word.

30
Q

Give an example of a modifier

A

vegetarian burger (vegetarian is the modifier), female CEO (female is the modifier)

31
Q

What is a morphology?

A

a words internal make-up in terms of root words and suffixes or prefixes, as well as other changes. A word with 2+ root words is a compound.

32
Q

What is an object?

A

a noun, pronoun or noun phrase that comes straight after the verb, and shows that the verb is acting upon.
Can be turned into the subject of a passive verb and cannot be adjectives.

33
Q

What is a participle?

A

verbs in English have two participles, called ‘present participle’ and ‘past participle’.

34
Q

How do participles confuse learners?

A

They don’t necessarily have anything to do with the past and present
They are used as perfects and passives

35
Q

What is a passive =?

A

Recognisable from:

  • the past participle form
  • the normal object turned into the subject
  • the normal subject turned into an optional preposition phrase with by as its head
  • contrast to active verb
36
Q

What is a prefix?

A

added at the beginning of a word in order to turn it into another word. Contrast suffix.

37
Q

What is a progressive?

A

this form of a verb generally describes events in progress. It is formed by combining the verb’s present participle with a form of a verb. Also be combined with the perfect.

38
Q

What is the relative clause?

A

special type of subordinate clause that modifies a noun. It often does this by using a relative pronoun such as who or that to refer back to that noun, through the relative pronoun that is often omitted. May be attached to a clause.

39
Q

What is schwa?

A

Name of a vowel sound that is found only in unstressed positions in English. Most common vowel sound in English.

40
Q

What is a subject?

A

Normally the noun, noun phrase or pronoun that names the ‘do-er’ or ‘be-er’
The position:
- just before the verb in a statement
- just after the auxiliary verb, in a question

41
Q

What is a subjunctive?

A

the inflections of a verb include a large range of special forms which are used typically in subordinate clauses

42
Q

What is a subordinate or subordination?

A

tells us more about the meaning of the word it is subordinate to.
Subordination can be thought of as an unequal relationship between a subordinate word and a main word.

43
Q

What is the subordinate clause?

A

A clause which is subordinate to some other part of the same sentence

44
Q

What is a suffix?

A

‘ending’ put onto a word to turn it into another word.

Cannot stand alone as a word.

45
Q

What is a synonym?

A

2 words that have the same or similar meanings

46
Q

Give an example of a synonym

A

angry -> furious, irate, livid

difficult -> tough, hard, challenging, problematic

47
Q

What is a transitive verb?

A

takes at least one object in a sentence to complete its meaning

48
Q

What is an adverb?

A

modify a verb, adjective or a clause. Describes a manner of time.

49
Q

Give examples of an adverb

A 
yesterday 
sometimes 
quietly 
loudly 
soon
50
Q

What is a noun?

A

‘naming words’ because they name people, places, and ‘things’
Used after determiners

51
Q

Give examples of a noun

A

common, non-countable nouns: money, chocolates, imagination.
common, countable nouns: London, Wednesday, Elizabeth
School

52
Q

What is a determiner?

A

specifies a noun as known or unknown, and it goes before an modifiers

53
Q

Give examples of a determiner

A

demonstratives e.g. this, those
articles e.g. the, a, or an
possessives e.g. my, your
quantifiers e.g. some, every

54
Q

What is an adjective?

A

‘describing word’ as they pick out single characteristics.
used:
-before a noun
- after a verb

55
Q

Give an example of an adjective

A

big, beautiful, lazy, last, helpless

56
Q

What is a conjunction?

A

links 2 words or phrases together.

  • co-ordinating -> links 2 words or phrases as an equal pair
  • subordinating -> introduces a subordinate clause
57
Q

Give an example of a conjunction

A

when, and, but, because

58
Q

What is a preposition?

A

Links a following noun, pronoun or noun phrase to some other word in the sentence. Describe locations, directions and relations of time

59
Q

Give examples of prepositions

A

since, during, from, until, beneath

60
Q

What is a pronoun?

A

more grammatically specialised than a noun.

Harder to modify

61
Q

Give examples of pronouns

A

your, he, yours, his, theirs, mean, she, I , him, we her, you

62
Q

What is a verb?

A

‘doing word’ as many describe an action that is being carried out. Name states or feelings too
used:
- have a tense, either present or past

63
Q

Give examples of verbs

A

lives, wrote, suggest, solve, likes, wake, walking, think, knew, tell

64
Q

What are co-ordinating conjunctions?

A

Joining words that link together parts of a sentence.

They can be used to join together 2 clauses in a sentence. However, the clauses must make sense on their own.

65
Q

Give examples of co-ordinating conjunctions

A

‘and’, ‘but’ and ‘or’

UNIVERSITY- ENGLISH (5 decks)

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