Grammar rules (Running) Flashcards
BegadKefat
Consonants that can take a Dagesh Lene (NB Can take a Dagesh forte like any other)
Mater Lectionis
Consonant acting as a vowel
Default stressed Syllable
Final
Tonic
Stressed Syllable
Pretonic
pre-stressed syllable
Propretonic
Penultimate stressed syllable
How do you tell if a begadkefat letter is Forte?
When it’s preceded by a vowel
syllable with a shewa will never ever EVER…
…be accented
A shewa is silent when…
…immediately preceeded by a short vowel
A Silent shewa indicates…
…the end of a consonant
Metheg
short vertical line on the first vowel of a long word: Distinguishes a Qamets from a Qamets Khatuf
Can a word start or end with Dagesh?
No
Two adjacent shewas…
…cannot be of the same quality (second one is vocal)
Shewa at the beginning of the word is…
…always vocal
a Qamets is Chatuf if…
…it’s in a closed unaccented Syllable
What does Metheg do?
turns a Qamets Chatuf back into a regular Qamets
furtive patach
A word-final patach on an ‘ayin or Chet that comes BEFORE its consonant (Does not count as a syllable). “Yeshua” is an example of this
Which guttural can take a vocal shewa (Unlike the others)?
Resh
What to guttrals take Instead of Shewa?
Chatef patach
What is a segolate?
a 2-syllable word with initial Stress, originally monosyllabic -a (e.g. kalb > kélev)
Under what letters can you never have a Vocal Shewa?
guttral
How are Segolate nouns are pluralised?
with Shewa and Qamets followed by masculine plural ending
the Guttrals are…
aleph א, he ה, chet ח, ayin ע, and (sometimes) resh ר
Gutturals very rarely take…
Dagesh
When does a Definite article Lengthen with Qamets?
When the first letter of the word is a Guttral, since it cannot geminate
Maqef
Hyphenates a preposition and steals the word’s stress
BuMP Rule
if a word begins with Bet, Mem, or Pe, the Conjunction becomes Shureq
How are Consonants doubled with a Dagesh forte Syllabified?
As both the final consonant of the first syllable and the first consonant of the second syllable
How do you tell if a Shewa is silent or vocal?
Preceded by a short vowel = always Vocal
Otherwise = always silent
Short vowels prefer…
…closed unaccented syllables OR open accented syllables
Long vowels prefer
…closed accented syllable
Mappiq
dot in He (NOT to be confused with dagesh) that indicates it is consonantal and not vocalic (i.e. not a mater lectionis)
Three words for “with”
עִם, אֵת , ב
What counts as an unchangeable long vowel?
Mater lectionis
Where do adjectives come in a construct chain?
Always at the end (including demonstratives)
What can nouns never take in their Construct state?
The definite article
How do you translate nouns in construct state?
“The X of…”
The number one (אֶחָד) behaves like…
…An adjective (follows its head & Agrees in Gender & definiteness)
The number one (אֶחָד) in a construct state…
…Precedes an absolute noun usually plural, to form a partative
The Number two (שְׁנַיִם) is classified as…
…a noun
The absolute and construct forms of the Number two (שְׁנַיִם)…
…are used interchangeably without affecting the meaning
In numbers 3-10, spelling changes are only used to indicate…
…changes in gender and state
Numbers 3-10 are classified as…
…Nouns
Numbers 3-10 do not have to agree with their head nouns…
…in Gender
Numbers two & ten may occur…
…with pronominal suffixes (e.g. Two of them)
the two criteria for a Qamets being Khatuf are…
…Closed & unaccented