Grammar rules (Running) Flashcards
BegadKefat
Consonants that can take a Dagesh Lene (NB Can take a Dagesh forte like any other)
Mater Lectionis
Consonant acting as a vowel
Default stressed Syllable
Final
Tonic
Stressed Syllable
Pretonic
pre-stressed syllable
Propretonic
Penultimate stressed syllable
How do you tell if a begadkefat letter is Forte?
When it’s preceded by a vowel
syllable with a shewa will never ever EVER…
…be accented
A shewa is silent when…
…immediately preceeded by a short vowel
A Silent shewa indicates…
…the end of a consonant
Metheg
short vertical line on the first vowel of a long word: Distinguishes a Qamets from a Qamets Khatuf
Can a word start or end with Dagesh?
No
Two adjacent shewas…
…cannot be of the same quality (second one is vocal)
Shewa at the beginning of the word is…
…always vocal
a Qamets is Chatuf if…
…it’s in a closed unaccented Syllable
What does Metheg do?
turns a Qamets Chatuf back into a regular Qamets
furtive patach
A word-final patach on an ‘ayin or Chet that comes BEFORE its consonant (Does not count as a syllable). “Yeshua” is an example of this
Which guttural can take a vocal shewa (Unlike the others)?
Resh
What to guttrals take Instead of Shewa?
Chatef patach
What is a segolate?
a 2-syllable word with initial Stress, originally monosyllabic -a (e.g. kalb > kélev)
Under what letters can you never have a Vocal Shewa?
guttral
How are Segolate nouns are pluralised?
with Shewa and Qamets followed by masculine plural ending
the Guttrals are…
aleph א, he ה, chet ח, ayin ע, and (sometimes) resh ר
Gutturals very rarely take…
Dagesh
When does a Definite article Lengthen with Qamets?
When the first letter of the word is a Guttral, since it cannot geminate
Maqef
Hyphenates a preposition and steals the word’s stress
BuMP Rule
if a word begins with Bet, Mem, or Pe, the Conjunction becomes Shureq
How are Consonants doubled with a Dagesh forte Syllabified?
As both the final consonant of the first syllable and the first consonant of the second syllable
How do you tell if a Shewa is silent or vocal?
Preceded by a short vowel = always Vocal
Otherwise = always silent
Short vowels prefer…
…closed unaccented syllables OR open accented syllables
Long vowels prefer
…closed accented syllable
Mappiq
dot in He (NOT to be confused with dagesh) that indicates it is consonantal and not vocalic (i.e. not a mater lectionis)
Three words for “with”
עִם, אֵת , ב
What counts as an unchangeable long vowel?
Mater lectionis
Where do adjectives come in a construct chain?
Always at the end (including demonstratives)
What can nouns never take in their Construct state?
The definite article
How do you translate nouns in construct state?
“The X of…”
The number one (אֶחָד) behaves like…
…An adjective (follows its head & Agrees in Gender & definiteness)
The number one (אֶחָד) in a construct state…
…Precedes an absolute noun usually plural, to form a partative
The Number two (שְׁנַיִם) is classified as…
…a noun
The absolute and construct forms of the Number two (שְׁנַיִם)…
…are used interchangeably without affecting the meaning
In numbers 3-10, spelling changes are only used to indicate…
…changes in gender and state
Numbers 3-10 are classified as…
…Nouns
Numbers 3-10 do not have to agree with their head nouns…
…in Gender
Numbers two & ten may occur…
…with pronominal suffixes (e.g. Two of them)
the two criteria for a Qamets being Khatuf are…
…Closed & unaccented
Standard construct masculine plural ending
Tsere Yod (-ey)
Silent shwa comes after…
…a short vowel
Strong Verbs…
…have three consonants, none of which is a guttural
Niphal Stem
Simple Passive or Reflexive
Hiphil Stem
Causative Active
Hophal Stem
Causative Passive
Piel Stem
Intensive Active
Pual Stem
Expresses Intensive action in the Passive voice
Simple Active
Qal
Simple Passive
Niphal
Simple Reflexive
Niphal
Causative Active
Hiphil
Causative Passive
Hophal
Causative Reflexive
Null.
Intensive active
Piel
Intensive passive
Pual
Intensive reflexive
Hithpael
What are the weak consonants?
Guttrals (incl. Resh) plus Nun & Yod
What are the weak verbal roots
Biconsonantal (hollow) and Geminate
Default Hebrew Syntax
Verb-Subject-Object (e.g. Genesis 1:1)
Default Hebrew parsing pattern
Stem-Conjugation-person-gender-number (e.g. Qal-Perfect-first-common-singular from XXX)
Binyan chart
Active, Reflexive & Passive x Simple, Causal & intensive
Perfect-tense Stative Verbs tend to translate…
as present
Perfect-tense Stative Verbs of perception or attitude often translate…
as present
Weak verbs have…
guttral radicals or begin with nun or yod
shorthand verbal paradigm
-i
-ta (-t)
-_ā_a_ah
-nu
-tem (-ten)
-u
Qal perfect weak verbs conjugate
…the same as strong verbs except that vowel rules apply to guttrals (i.e. reduced vowels where there would otherwise be a shewa
1st vowel reduces to shewa in which person?
2nd person plural (i.e. Q’taltem/ten)
2nd vowel reduces to shewa in which persons?
3cp & 3fs
Directional he
suffix -he meaning ‘to’ (analgous to the -adze ending in Greek)
how do you tell the difference between a directional he and a feminine ending
stress position (final vs first respectively)
Maqef converts…
a segol to a tsere
III-Aleph Paradigm changes
Essentially the same as strong except for changes in the stem
(Patach changes to Qamets as per pronunication rules and dagesh is dropped from Tav (i.e. “Qatalta” but “matsahthi”))
stem vowel
vowel of the 2nd radical
III-He Paradigm changes
He is lost and converts to Yod except in 3cp where it is dropped altogether and 3fs where it becomes a tav
If you use segol in את you must also use…
a maqqef
Construct nouns cannot take…
definite article
no definite article on…
construct nouns
Definite article is always followed by…
Dagesh forte
Cannot have vocal shewa…
at the beginning of the word
attributive adjective
any non-copulated adjective
predicative adjective
a copulated adjective
Substantive adjective
an adjective forming a noun
proper nouns are always…
definite
Which Qal-imperfect conjugations are the same?
3fs & 2ms; Both feminine Plurals (2fp & 3fp)
Cholem reduces to vocal shewa in which persons of the Qal imperfect?
2fs, & 3rd plural
Which persons of the Qal imperfect have sufformitives as well as preformatives?
2fs, + all plurals except 1cs
Qal perfect stem-vowel
Patach
Qal imperfect stem-vowel
Holem
When is the Qal imperfect stem-vowel reduced to a Vocal Shewa
when the sufformative consists of a vowel (2fs and masculine plural)
What is a nun Paragocigum?
a final nun in Qal imperfect Masculine plural verbs (Similar to a movable nu in Greek) that causes shureq to be written as Qibbuts- Does not otherwise change spelling or pronunciation and has no effect on meaning.
Stative verbs are classified by a different…
stem-vowel
Stative verbs in the Qal imperfect…
have patach as their stem-vowel regardless of the perfect (so “ekbad” rather than “ekbed”)
Monica Lewinsky rule
Mem will sometimes drop a dagesh forte
when a nun assimilates…
the following consonant geminates (takes a Dagesh forte)
letters assimilate into…
the following letter
when a Shoresh beginning with a Yod is conjugated…
the Yod drops out (sometimes replaced by the yod of 3ms)
When an imperfect verb is prefixed with the Waw consecutive…
it is translated as if it were a perfect verb
Consecutive imperfect is spelt…
with the conjunction Waw, Pathach (Qamets in 1cp), and a Dagesh forte in the preformative
What is compensatory lengthening?
When a vowel lengthens in response to the following consonant rejecting a Dagesh forte (as in the case of Gutturals)
How to distinguish between Waw consecutive and Waw Conjunction on an imperfect verb?
Patach vs Shewa
frequently, a past-tense narrative sequence involving a Waw-consecutive sequence will begin with…
a verb in the perfect
When someone is described as an age, it literally says…
“son/daughter of X years”
Imperative forms are derived from their corresponding…
imperfect forms (without preformatives)
About 300 times, the Qal imperative 2ms occurs with…
Qamets hatuf, Silent Shewa, -ah
Lexical form of biconsonantal verbs is
Qal Infinitve construct
middle vowel of a biconsonantal verb
is shureq, holem waw, or yod
A verbal root with preposition will almost always be…
infinitive construct
Participles do not have…
tense or person
