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Hebrew > Grammar rules (Running) > Flashcards

Grammar rules (Running) Flashcards

1
Q

Dagesh Lene

A

Converts a Plosive to a fricative

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2
Q

Dagesh forte

A

Doubles a consonant (gemination)

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3
Q

Begad Kefat

A

Consonants that can take a Dagesh Lene (NB Can take a Dagesh forte like any other)

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4
Q

Mater Lectionis

A

Consonant acting as a vowel

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5
Q

Default stressed Syllable

A

Final

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6
Q

Tonic

A

Stressed Syllable

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7
Q

Pretonic

A

pre-stressed syllable

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8
Q

Propretonic

A

Penultimate stressed syllable

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9
Q

How do you tell if a begad kefat letter is Forte?

A

When it’s preceded by a vowel

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10
Q

syllable with a shewa will never ever EVER…

A

…be accented

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11
Q

A shewa is silent when…

A

…immediately preceeded by a short vowel

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12
Q

A Silent shewa indicates…

A

…the end of a consonant

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13
Q

Metheg

A

short vertical line on the first vowel of a long word: Distinguishes a Qamets from a Qamets Khatuf

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14
Q

Can a word start or end with Dagesh?

A

No

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15
Q

Two adjacent shewas…

A

cannot be of the same quality (second one is vocal)

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16
Q

Shewa at the beginning of the word is…

A

…always vocal

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17
Q

a Qamets is Chatuf if…

A

…it’s in a closed unaccented Syllable

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18
Q

What does Metheg do?

A

turns a Qamets Chatuf back into a regular Qamets

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19
Q

furtive patach

A

A word-final patach on an ‘ayin or Chet that comes BEFORE its consonant (Does not count as a syllable). “Yeshua” is an example of this

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20
Q

Which guttural can take a vocal shewa (Unlike the others)?

A

Resh

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21
Q

Instead of Shewa, gutturals take

A

…chatef patach

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22
Q

What is a segolate?

A

a 2-syllable word with initial Stress, originally monosyllabic -a (e.g. kalb > kélev)

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23
Q

You can never have a Vocal Shewa under a…

A

guttral

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24
Q

Segolate nouns are all pluralised…

A

with Shewa and Qamets followed by masculine plural ending

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25
Q

Gutturals cannot ever ever take…

A

…a vocal shewa (reduced vowels instead)

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26
Q

the Guttrals are…

A

aleph א‎, he ה‎, chet ח‎, ayin ע‎, and resh ר‎

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27
Q

Gutturals very rarely take…

A

Dagesh

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28
Q

Definite article takes Qamets (lengthens) when…

A

…the first letter of the word is a Guttral, since it cannot double

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29
Q

Maqef

A

Hyphenates a preposition and steals the word’s stress

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30
Q

BuMP Rule

A

if a word begins with Bet, Mem, or Pe, the Conjunction becomes Shureq

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31
Q

Consonants doubled with a Dagesh forte function as both…

A

the final consonant of the first syllable and the first consonant of the second syllable

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32
Q

Dagesh in a begadkephat letter is lene unless…

A

preceded by a vowel

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33
Q

Dagesh in a begadkephat letter is forte if…

A

…preceded by a vowel

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34
Q

A begadkephat letter at the beginning of a word…

A

…takes Dagesh lene (unless the previous word ends in a vowel)

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35
Q

Vocal shewa will always occur in…

A

…an open syllable

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36
Q

How do you tell if a Shewa is silent or vocal?

A

Preceded by a short vowel = always Vocal

Otherwise = always silent

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37
Q

furtive patach is not counted…

A

…for syllabification

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38
Q

Short vowels prefer…

A

…closed unaccented syllables OR open accented syllables

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39
Q

Long vowels prefer

A

…closed accented syllable

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40
Q

Mappiq

A

dot in He (NOT to be confused with dagesh) that indicates it is consonantal and not vocalic (i.e. not a mater lectionis)

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41
Q

Three different ways of saying with

A

עִם, אֵת, ב

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42
Q

What counts as an unchangeable long vowel?

A

Mater lectionis

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43
Q

In a construct chain, any adjectives always…

A

come at the end (including demonstratives)

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44
Q

Construct nouns can never ever take…

A

definite article

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45
Q

How do you translate nouns in construct state?

A

“The X of…”

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46
Q

The number one (אֶחָד‎) behaves like…

A

…An adjective (follows its head & Agrees in Gender & definiteness)

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47
Q

The number one (אֶחָד‎) in a construct state…

A

…Precedes an absolute noun usually plural, to form a partative

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48
Q

The Number two (שְׁנַיִם) is classified as…

A

…a noun

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49
Q

The absolute and construct forms of the Number two (שְׁנַיִם)…

A

…are used interchangeably without affecting the meaning

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50
Q

In numbers 3-10, spelling changes are only used to indicate…

A

…changes in gender and state

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51
Q

Numbers 3-10 are classified as…

A

…Nouns

52
Q

Numbers 3-10 do not have to agree with their head nouns…

A

…in Gender

53
Q

Numbers two & ten may occur…

A

…with pronominal suffixes (e.g. Two of them)

54
Q

the two criteria for a Qamets being Khatuf are…

A

…Closed & unaccented

55
Q

Standard construct masculine plural ending

A

Tsere Yod (-ey)

56
Q

Silent shwa comes after…

A

…a short vowel

57
Q

Strong Verbs…

A

…have three consonants, none of which is a guttural

58
Q

Niphal Stem

A

Simple Passive or Reflexive

59
Q

Hiphil Stem

A

Causative Active

60
Q

Hophal Stem

A

Causative Passive

61
Q

Piel Stem

A

Intensive Active

62
Q

Pual Stem

A

Expresses Intensive action in the Passive voice

63
Q

Simple Active

A

Qal

64
Q

Simple Passive

A

Niphal

65
Q

Simple Reflexive

A

Niphal

66
Q

Causative Active

A

Hiphil

67
Q

Causative Passive

A

Hophal

68
Q

Causative Reflexive

A

Null.

69
Q

Intensive active

A

Piel

70
Q

Intensive passive

A

Pual

71
Q

Intensive reflexive

A

Hithpael

72
Q

Paradigmatic verb

A

Qatal

73
Q

What are the weak consonants?

A

Guttrals (incl. Resh) plus Nun & Yod

74
Q

What are the weak verbal roots

A

Biconsonantal (hollow) and Geminate

75
Q

Default Hebrew Syntax

A

Verb-Subject-Object (e.g. Genesis 1:1)

76
Q

Default Hebrew parsing pattern

A

Stem-Conjugation-person-gender-number (e.g. Qal-Perfect-first-common-singular from XXX)

77
Q

Binyan chart

A

Active, Reflexive & Passive x Simple, Causal & intensive

78
Q

Perfect-tense Stative Verbs tend to translate…

A

as present

79
Q

Perfect-tense Stative Verbs of perception or attitude often translate…

A

as present

80
Q

Weak verbs have…

A

guttral radicals or begin with nun or yod

81
Q

shorthand verbal paradigm

A

-i
-ta (-t)
-_ā_a_ah
-nu
-tem (-ten)
-u

82
Q

Qal perfect weak verbs conjugate

A

…the same as strong verbs except that vowel rules apply to guttrals (i.e. reduced vowels where there would otherwise be a shewa

83
Q

1st vowel reduces to shewa in which person?

A

2nd person plural (i.e. Q’taltem/ten)

84
Q

2nd vowel reduces to shewa in which persons?

A

3cp & 3fs

85
Q

Directional he

A

suffix -he meaning ‘to’ (analgous to the -adze ending in Greek)

86
Q

how do you tell the difference between a directional he and a feminine ending

A

stress position (final vs first respectively)

87
Q

Maqef converts…

A

a segol to a tsere

88
Q

III-Aleph Paradigm changes

A

Patach changes to Qamets as per pronunication rules and dagesh is dropped from Tav (i.e. “Qatalta” but “matsahthi”)

89
Q

stem vowel

A

vowel of the 2nd radical

89
Q

III-He Paradigm changes

A

He is lost and converts to Yod except in 3cp where it is dropped altogether and 3fs where it becomes a tav

90
Q

If you use segol in את you must also use…

A

a maqqef

91
Q

Construct nouns cannot take…

A

definite article

92
Q

no definite article on…

A

construct nouns

93
Q

Definite article is always followed by…

A

Dagesh forte

94
Q

Cannot have vocal shewa…

A

at the beginning of the word

95
Q

attributive adjective

A

any non-copulated adjective

96
Q

predicative adjective

A

a copulated adjective

97
Q

Substantive adjective

A

an adjective forming a noun

98
Q

proper nouns are always…

A

definite

99
Q

Which Qal-imperfect conjugations are the same?

A

3fs & 2ms; Both feminine Plurals (2fp & 3fp)

100
Q

Cholem reduces to vocal shewa in which persons of the Qal imperfect?

A

2fs, & 3rd plural

101
Q

Which persons of the Qal imperfect have sufformitives as well as preformatives?

A

2fs, 3mp, 3fp, 2mp, & 2fp

102
Q

Qal perfect stem-vowel

A

Patach

103
Q

Qal imperfect stem-vowel

A

Holem

104
Q

When is the Qal imperfect stem-vowel reduced to a Vocal Shewa

A

when the sufformative consists of a vowel (2fs and masculine plural)

105
Q

What is a nun Paragocigum?

A

a final nun in 3mp & 2mp Qal imperfect verbs (Similar to a movable nu in Greek) that causes shureq to be written as Qibbuts- Does not otherwise change spelling or pronunciation and has no effect on meaning.

106
Q

Stative verbs are classified by a different…

A

stem-vowel

107
Q

Stative verbs in the Qal imperfect…

A

have patach as their stem-vowel regardless of the perfect (so “yikbad” rather than “yikbed”)

108
Q

Monica Lewinsky rule

A

Mem will sometimes drop a dagesh forte

109
Q

when a nun assimilates…

A

the following consonant geminates (takes a Dagesh forte)

110
Q

letters assimilate into…

A

the following letter

111
Q

when a Shoresh beginning with a Yod is conjugated…

A

the Yod drops out (sometimes replaced by the yod of 3ms)

112
Q

When an imperfect verb is prefixed with the Waw consecutive…

A

it is translated as if it were a perfect verb

113
Q

Consecutive imperfect is spelt…

A

with the conjunction Waw, Pathach (Qamets in 1cp), and a Dagesh forte in the preformative

114
Q

What is compensatory lengthening?

A

When a vowel lengthens in response to the following consonant rejecting a Dagesh forte (as in the case of Gutturals)

115
Q

How to distinguish between Waw consecutive and Waw Conjunction on an imperfect verb?

A

Patach vs Shewa

116
Q

frequently, a past-tense narrative sequence involving a Waw-consecutive sequence will begin with…

A

a verb in the perfect

117
Q

When someone is described as an age, it literally says…

A

“son/daughter of X years”

118
Q

Imperative forms are derived from their corresponding…

A

imperfect forms (without preformatives)

119
Q

About 300 times, the Qal imperative 2ms occurs with…

A

Qamets hatuf, Silent Shewa, -ah

120
Q

Lexical form of biconsonantal verbs is

A

Qal Infinitve construct

121
Q

middle vowel of a biconsonantal verb

A

is shureq, holem waw, or yod

122
Q

A verbal root with preposition will almost always be…

A

infinitive construct

123
Q

Participles do not have…

A

tense or person

124
Q
A

Hebrew (10 decks)

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