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UOB RUSSIAN > grammar & rules > Flashcards

grammar & rules Flashcards

1
Q

there are articles in russian?

A

NO! ‘a’ and ‘the’ don’t exist

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2
Q

what is to be in russian (present tense)

A

trick question! there’s no to be verb in the present tense russian

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3
Q

what is the nominative case

A
  • subject of the verb/ doer of the action
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4
Q

what is the accusative case

A
  • object of the verb/ to who or to which the action is done
  • movement to
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5
Q

what is the genitive case

A
  • of/ possession
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6
Q

example of genitive case

A
  • the capital OF RUSSIA
  • the boy’s brother = the brother OF THE BOY
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7
Q

example of nominative case

A
  • THE DOG bit the man
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8
Q

example of accusative case

A
  • the dog bit THE MAN
  • she travels TO RUSSIA
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9
Q

How to turn an adjective into an adverb

A
  • use their masculine form
  • replace last two letters with an o
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10
Q

Example of turning adj. into and adverb (good —> well)

A

Хороший (in masc. form)
Хорошо (as an adverb)

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11
Q

What type of ending is -ность

A

Feminine ending

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12
Q

Your possessive (sing./ familiar)

A

Masc. = Твой
Fem. = твоя
Neuter = твоё

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13
Q

Your (pl./ formal)

A

Masc. = ваш
Fem. = ваша
Neuter = ваше

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14
Q

My

A

Masc. = мой
Fem. = моя
Neuter = моё

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15
Q

Our

A

Masc. = наш
Fem. = наша
Neuter = наше

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16
Q

His

A

Его (pronounced yevo)

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17
Q

Her

A

её (pronounced yeyo)

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18
Q

Their

A

Их ( is the same for masc. fem. And neuter)

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19
Q

The genitive case endings (masculine and neuter nouns)

A
  • Masc. nouns endings in consonants add -a
  • neuter nouns ending in -o are replaced with -a
  • masc. nouns ending in -ь or -й, replaced by -я
  • neuter nouns ending in -e are replaced by -я
  • some masc. nouns drop the vowel o, e or ë from their last syllable when other endings are added e.g. Отец—> отца
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20
Q

Genitive case endings (fem. nouns)

A
  • fem. nouns ending in -a are replaced with -ы
  • fem. nouns ending in -я or -ь are replaced by -и
    (But the can all be affected by the grammar rule e.g. Чашка —> чашки
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21
Q

Uses of the genitive case

A
  • translate of
  • translate ‘s’ e.g. a student’s day
  • after some prepositions
  • after numbers two, three or four
  • after a lot of, much, little and few
  • direct object of negative verb
  • after нет
  • after preposition у (in the possession of/ to have)
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22
Q

Prepositions which the genitive case is used after

A

after — после
w/o — без
until — до
opposite— напротив
around/ near —около
by/ near — у
from — от
from/ out of — из/ с

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23
Q

rules for the accusative case (masculine nouns)

A

Masc. nouns
- If noun inanimate, there’s no change.
- If noun is animate and ends in a consonant, add “а”.
- If noun is animate, replace “й”, with “я”.
- If noun is animate, replace “ь”, with “я”

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24
Q

dative case rules (masc. and neuter nouns)

A

-Masculine nouns (ending in consonant):
add -y
- Neuter nouns ending in o:
Replace -o with a -y
- masculine nouns ending in soft signs:
-ь -й are replaced w/ -ю
Neuter nouns ending in -e
replace -e w/ -ю
Neuter nouns ending in -мя
Replace-мя w/ -ени

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25
Q

Dative case rules (feminine nouns):

A
  • ending w/ -a and -я replaced w/ -e
  • ending w/ -ь replaced w/ -и
    -ия to -ии
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26
Q

Dative form of personal pronouns

A

кто – кому (to whom)
Я — мне
Ты — тебе
Он/ оно —ему
Она — ей
Мы — нам
Вы — вам
Они — им

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27
Q

uses of the accusative case

A
  • the direct object of the sentence
  • used after prepositions в (to, into) and на (on, to) when they show motion towards something
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28
Q

rules for the accusative case (feminine nouns)

A
  • Replace “а” with “у”.
  • Replace “я” with “ю”.
  • Does not change if it ends in a soft sign.
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29
Q

rules for the accusative case (neuter nouns & plural nouns)

A
  • Inanimate nouns do not change (almost all neuter nouns are inanimate)
  • plural nouns the accusative case ‘borrows’ from the other cases
  • Inanimate nouns (not-alive) : Same as the nominative plural.
  • Animate nouns (alive) : same as the genitive plural.
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30
Q

how to say dates in russian

A
  • last number will be in the genitive case (in the neuter form)
  • month will be in the genitive case, and all the months are the masculine
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31
Q

deceptive verb: слышать

A
  • looks like 1st conj. but is actually 2nd conj.
  • spelling rule in 3rd personal plural : они слышат (can’t have я after ш)
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32
Q

how to form the imperfect future tense

A
  • use быть w/ future tense endings
  • makes future tense of other verbs, when placed in front of the infinitive
  • only used for continuous habitual actions in the future
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33
Q

usage of the imperfect future tense

A

when used in the future tense:
- I shall/ will (be)/ it will etc.
- to need (lit. = to me i shall/ will need
- i will/ shall have ( lit. = x will be in my possession)
- to have to – in the future tense ( lit. = i shall/ will be obliged)

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34
Q

быть conjugated in the future imperfect tense

A

я буду
ты будешь
он/ она/ оно будет
мы будем
вы будете
они будут

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35
Q

example of the future imperfect tense e.g. He will be; I shall have a sister; I won’t have a book; i will need a book; i will have to work

A
  1. он будет работать
  2. у меня будет сестра
  3. у меня не будет книги (noun is in the gen. case and verb is in 3rd person sing.)
  4. мне нужна будет книга
  5. я должна буду работать
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36
Q

adjectival case endings (masculine)

A

accusative = ый
genitive = ого
dative = ому
instrumental = ым
prepositional = ом

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37
Q

adjectival case endings (feminine)

A

acc. =ую
gen.= ой
dat. = ой
instrumental = ой
prep. = ой

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38
Q

adjectival case endings (neuter)

A
  • same as masc. endings from gen.
    acc. = ое
    gen. = ого
    dat. = ому
    instrumental = ым
    prep. = ом
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39
Q

soft adjectives explained and endings

A
  • adjectives that always have soft endings
    masc. = - ий
    fem. = - яя
    neuter = - оо
    plural= -ие
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40
Q

when to use their own e.g. свой

A
  • to distinguish clearly their own
  • only use if they’re the subject of the sentence
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41
Q

case endings: possessives ‘my’ –masculine

A

acc. = мой
gen. = моего
dat. = моему
instrumental = моим
prep. = моём

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42
Q

case endings: possessives ‘my’ – feminine

A

acc. = мою
gen. = моей
dat. = моей
instrumental = моей
prep. = моей

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43
Q

case endings: possessives ‘my’ – neuter

A

acc. = моё
gen. = моего
dat. = моему
instrumental = моим
prep. = моём

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44
Q

conjugating -овать verbs
example: рисовать (to draw/ paint)

A
  • take off the овать then add-y with group 1 conjugation endings:
    я рисую
    ты рисуешь
    он/она рисует
    мы рисуем
    вы рисуете
    они рисуют
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45
Q

how ‘to play sports’ in russian

A
  • have to use verb заниматься (literally to occupy/ engage oneself in sport)
  • then following noun/ object is in the instrumental e.g. заниматься спортом
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46
Q

difference between imperfective verbs and perfective verbs

A
  • imperfective verbs have only 3 tenses
  • perfective verbs: does completed tenses – perfect tense, pluperfect, present perfect
47
Q

how to form the conditional in russian

A
  • use past tense ( w/ imperfective verbs) and add бы after e.g. past tense + бы
48
Q

how to say I speak a language in russian e.g. I speak russian

A
  1. говорить по-русски (lit.- to speak russianly)
  2. на русском языке (lit.= in the russian language)
49
Q

instrumental case usages

A

-the instrumental case is used to indicate how something is done. In English we commonly use the words “by” or “with” to do this

50
Q

how to form the past tense (imperfective tense)

A
  • take off the last two letters add л (is masculine form
  • if subject is feminine add -a
  • if subject is neuter add -o
  • if subject is neuter add -и
51
Q

past tense of reflexive verbs (imperfective verbs)

A
  • ignore the -ся ending add usual past tense ending
  • if last letter is a consonant (masc. form) add-ся
  • if last letter is a vowel (fem, neuter, pl. ) add -сь
52
Q

example of читать (to read) in the past tense (imperfective)

A

я читал(a)
ты читал(a)
он/она/ оно читали(a) (o)
мы читали
вы читали
они читали

53
Q

irregular past tense verbs

A

to be able – мочь ( мого, могла, могло, могли )
to eat – есть (ел, ела, ело, ели )
to go/ walk – идть (шёл, шла, шло, шли )

54
Q

to be in the past tense

A

я был(a)
ты был(a)
он/она был(a)
мы были
вы были
они были

55
Q

uses of быть in the past tense (imperfect tense)

A
  • indicates a state of existence or location rather than an action e.g. He was in Moscow vs he was working
  • works with to have to (должен) and to need (нужен) as auxiliary
  • impersonal expressions (will be in the neuter endings
  • to have in the past tense (uses gen. case)
56
Q

how to form the instrumental case

A

masc:
- add -ом
-If noun ends in unstressed “ж”, “ц”, “ч”, “ш” or “щ”, then add “ем”
- Replace “й”and “ь” with “ем”, if stressed “ём”.
fem.:
-replace -a w/ -ой
- If ends in “ж”, “ц”, “ч”, “ш” or “щ”, replace “а” with “ей”
- Replace “я” with “ей”, if stressed “ёй”.
- Replace “ь” with “ью”
neuter :
- add -м to whatever the nominative ending is

57
Q

things that can go wrong w/ the instrumental

A

spelling rule: after ж, ч, ш, щ, ц can’t have an unstressed -o becomes an -e
- if need an -o that needs to be unstressed instead of replacing it w/ ё, replace it w/ e (soft sounds)

58
Q

how to form the continuous past in russian

A
  • depends on what type of verb it is (take off last 2/3 letters)
  • add ending depending on gender of subject:
    Masculine: -л
    Feminine: -ла
    Neuter: -ло
    Plural: -ли
59
Q

conjugate Знать (to know) in the continuous past

A

Я знал - I knew (man speaking)
Я знала - I knew (woman speaking)
Он знал - He knew
Она знала - She knew
Оно знало - It knew
Они знали - They knew

60
Q

masculine adjective case endings

A

nominative: -ый
accusative: -ый
genitive: -ого
dative: -ому
instrumental: -ым
prepositional: -ом

61
Q

feminine adjective case endings

A

nominative: -ая
accusative: -ую
genitive: -ой
dative: -ой
instrumental: -ой
prepositional: -ой

62
Q

neuter case endings

A

nominative: -ое
accusative: -ое
genitive: -ого
dative: -ому
instrumental: -ым
prepositional: -ом

63
Q

pronouns in the instrumental case

A

Мной - Me
Тобой - You
Им - Him
Ей - Her
Им - It
Нами - Us
Вами - You (plural)
Ими - Them

64
Q

how to conjugate verbs of motion: нести, вести, везти (to carry, lead, convey)

A
  • they’re 1st conjugation (slightly irregular)
    я несу
    ты несёшь
    он/ она несёт
    мы несём
    вы несёте
    они несут
65
Q

verbs of motion used for

A
66
Q

perfective vs imperfective verbs

A

perfective verbs: only express perfect/ finished actions
imperfective verbs: express ongoing/ unfinished actions

67
Q

what can be formed from the imperfective infinitive

A
  • can form the present tense; the mperfective tense; imperfective future
68
Q

forming perfective past tense e.g. прочитать

A
  • formed same way as imperfective past by using perfective infinitive
  • e.g. я/ ты/ он прочитал
    я/ ты/ она прочитала
    оно прочитало
    мы/ вы/ они прочитали
69
Q

how to form perfective future e.g прочитать (to read) |

A
  • same way present tense imperfective is formed:
    я прочитаю
    ты прочитаешь
    он прочитает
    мы прочитаем
    вы прочитаете
    они прочитают
70
Q

how to form perfective future e.g позвонить (to ring) ||

A

я позвоню
ты позвонишь
он позвонит
мы позвоним
вы позвоните
они позвонят

71
Q

uses of imperfective aspects

A
  • habit/ repeated actions
  • unfinished/ ongoing action
  • after certain verbs: what you begin to do; continue doing; stop doing
  • the process of what you doing
72
Q

uses of perfective aspect

A
  • finished action
  • series of events, each completed before the next one starts
  • (paradoxially) the start of an action (often w/ prefixes
  • doing an action for a limited time (w/ prefix -
73
Q

how to ask questions in russian using ли

A
  • invert verb and pronoun to ask a question
  • place ли after the verb then rest of the sentence
74
Q

he asked if I will be there using ли

A

он спросил буду ли я там

75
Q

nominative plural endings (masculine and feminine)

A

-masc nouns ending in a constant and fem. nouns ending in -a take ending -ы (can change due to spelling rule -и )
- masc. nouns ending in -й -я AND BOTH masc. and fem. nouns ending in -ь go to -и

76
Q

nominative plural endings (neuter)

A
  • ending in -o take pl. ending -a
  • ending in -e take pl. ending -я
  • ending in -мя take pl. ending-ена
77
Q

nominative plural for fem. nouns -ии and neuter nouns -иe

A
  • they both go to -ия
78
Q

nominative pl. nouns ending in -анин

A

ending -анин goes to -анe

79
Q

genitive plural of masculine nouns

A
  • ending in a consonant they take the pl. ending -ов (when affected by one of the rules becomes -eв
  • nouns ending in -ж -ч -ш -щ -ь take plural ending -ей
  • nouns ending in -й take -eв and -ёв (if ending is unstressed)
80
Q

genitive plural of feminine nouns

A
  • nouns ending in-a remove -a
  • nouns ending in -я replace it w/ -ь (sometimes a vowel is inserted between last 2 consonants о, е, ё)
  • nouns ending -ня usually get rid of their soft sign
  • nouns ending in -ь and -eя take ending -ей
  • nouns ending in -ия take ending -ий
81
Q

genitive plural of neuter nouns

A
  • ending in -o removes the -o (sometimes a vowel is inserted between last 2 consonants)
  • ending in -e take ending -ей
  • ending in -ие take ending -ий
  • ending -мя take ending -ён
82
Q

usual gender of abstract nouns

A

– they tend to be feminine

83
Q

how to say pairs of people in russian e.g. you and I

A
  • use the instrumental case with last noun and use c (with)
  • put last noun in plural
84
Q

Plurals ending in -ья (nominative plurals)

A
  • certain nouns take the ending -ья
    Брат — братья
    Дерево — деревья
    Стул — стулья
    Лист — листья
85
Q

Genitive plural of adjectives

A
  • for all 3 genders it’s: -ых (changes because of spelling rule)
  • for soft adjectives: их
  • adjectives used w/ plural animate accusative nouns have same endings
86
Q

Forming imperatives

A
  • remove last 2 letters from 3rd person pl. (они) of present tense
  • add -й if stem ends in a vowel -и if ends in a consonant
  • for plural add -те
87
Q

Forming imperatives of reflexive and single consonant verbs

A
  • verbs ending w/ single consonant have imperative ending -ь (only applies to verbs w/ stress on the stem throughout their conjugation)
  • reflexive ending is -ся after -й or -ь
  • reflexive ending is -сь after -и оr -те
88
Q

Irregular imperatives

A

Есть — ешь, ешьте
Давать — давай, давайте
Вставать — вставай, вставайте
Пить — пей, пейте
Поехать —поезжай, поезжайте

89
Q

Fleeting vowels (in plural)

A
  • only applies to masculine w/ vowels usually ё, е, о
  • отец— отцы
90
Q

how to form Imperatives w/ the perfective + when to use it

A
  • formed same way as imperfective but starts from the 3rd person pl. of the perfective future
  • used to order the completion of a single action
91
Q

Genitive with numerals

A
  • numerals five (пять) and above, excluding numbers ending in 1,2,3,4 are followed by genitive plural of nouns/ adjectives
  • numerals ending in 1,2,3,4 are followed by genitive singular (but their adjectives go into genitive plural w/ masc. and neuter nouns — looks like nominative pl. for feminine)
92
Q

Dative plurals for nouns

A

masc. nouns ending in consonant; fem. nouns ending in -a; neuter nouns ending in -o take ending -ам
- nouns ending in a soft sign or neuter nouns ending in -e have ending -ям

93
Q

instrumental plural of nouns

A
  • masc. nouns ending in a consonant, fem. nouns ending in -a and neuter nouns ending in -o take -ами ending
  • masc. and fem. nouns ending in a soft sign and neuter nouns ending in -e take -ями ending (endings can be affected by spelling rule)
94
Q

prepositional plural of nouns

A
  • masc. nouns ending in a consonant, fem. nouns ending in -a and neuter nouns ending in -o take -ax ending
  • masc. and fem. nouns ending in a soft sound and neuter nouns ending in -e take -яx
  • endings can change because of spelling rule
  • neuter nouns ending in -мя take -енах ending
95
Q

how to form superlative of adjectives

A
  • put the word самый in front of adjective (can only only be used w/ the long adj. )
  • it declines like a hard adjective (will agree w/ adjective it precedes, in number, gender and case
96
Q

alternative superlative endings (instead of самый )

A
  • alt ending in -ейший (-ый), (-ий), (-ой)
  • adjectives work like хороший
  • often used to give added meaning to the adj.
  • after ш, щ, ж, ч ending becomes -айший
97
Q

superlatives of adverbs

A
  • expressed using comparative and following it with всего ‘than everything’ and всех ‘than everyone’
98
Q

negatives in russian

A
  • uses double negations
99
Q

negatives used w/ a preposition

A

-> prepositions come between ни- and the rest of the word (it splits the negative)
no one - никто
not any/ no - никакой
nothing - ничто

100
Q

declining никто (no-one)

A

nom. - никто
acc. - никого
gen. - никого
dat. - никому
instr. - никем
prep. - ником

101
Q

declining ничего (nothing)

A

nom. -ничего
acc. - ничего
gen. - ничего
dat. - ничему
instru. - ничем
prep. - ничём

102
Q

what is special about никакой

A
  • никакой (-ая) (-ое ) (- ие ) behaves like an adjective
  • used to identify the superlative
103
Q

what is special about ничто

A
  • should be used w/ adjectives and transitive verbs (not usually done in spoken russian)
  • MUST use ничто when using prep. that split the negative and the acc. case
104
Q

translating: ‘nowhere,’ ‘no one’ ‘nothing’ ‘neither…nor’ ‘never’ ‘not any/no’

A

nowhere – нигде/ никуда
no one – никто
nothing – ничто
neither…nor – ни…ни
never – никогда
not any /no – никакой

105
Q

declination of myself/ yourself

A

acc./ gen. – себя
dative – себе
instrumental – собой
prepositional – себе

106
Q

Себя (-self) in different cases

A

acc. – Себя
gen. – Себя
dative – Себe
instru. – Себой
prep. – Себe

107
Q

prefixes on verbs of motion

A

B- : going into +B
вы- : going out +из
до-: going as far as +до
за-: calling in at a place +B
за-: calling on a person +k
за-: going to fetch +за
о/ об-: going around
от-: going away from +от
пере-: going across + (через)
под-: approaching, going up to + k
при-: arriving +B
про-: going past +мимо
c-: going down +c
y-: going away +от

108
Q

comparatives and superlatives of big and small

A

big: больший, самый большой
small: меньше, самый маленький

109
Q

comparatives and superlatives of bad and good

A

bad (плохой): худший, самый худший
good (хороший): лучше, самый лучший

110
Q

comparatives and superlative of high/ tall and short

A

high/ tall (высокий): более высокий /высший , самый высокий /высший
short (низкий ): более низкий/ низший, самый низкий/ низший

111
Q

comparatives and superlatives of young and old

A

young (молодой): более молодой /младший, самый молодой /младший
old (старый): более старый /старший, самый старый /старший

112
Q

irregular short form comparative adjectives

A

nearer: ближе
higher: выше
cheaper: дешевле
easier: легче
lower: ниже
simpler: проще
rarer: реже
more frequent: чаще
better: лучше
brighter: ярче
bigger: больше
further: дальше
dearer: дороже
younger: моложе/ младше
worse: хуже
earlier: earlier
older (of people): старше
older (of things) : старее
wider: шире

113
Q

translating than in a comparative

A
  • use чем or putting object of comparison in the genitive
114
Q

declension of

A

UOB RUSSIAN (23 decks)

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