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Mandarin > Grammar & Other > Flashcards

Grammar & Other Flashcards

1
Q

Excuse me

A

请问
qǐng wèn

(Use with strangers/business)

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2
Q

在
zài + [verb]

A
  1. Present continuous — ‘ing’ verb particle

Minority of cases

  1. Indicate ‘again’ e.g.

我会再吃晚饭
wǒ huì zài chī wǎn fàn

I will eat(or have) dinner again

What is the specific context?

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3
Q

No

[When does the pronunciation change?]

A

不
bù – For Negative sentence (Not something)

[When following tone is 2nd tone – Changes to 2nd ALSO]

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4
Q

了
[verb] + le

A

Past tense — ‘ed’ verb particle [past tense]

Don’t use in response when time is obvious

E.g. Yesterday, did you…? vs. Did you…?

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5
Q

过
[verb] + guò

A

Action has completed particle

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6
Q

吧
[verb] + ba

A

Indicates made decision

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7
Q

3 Uses for 请 qǐng

A
  1. Excuse me
  2. Invite
  3. Please
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8
Q

在
zài + [location]

A
  1. Necessary to mention location
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9
Q

很

Hěn + [adjective]

A

Necessary before every adjective (one character)

Stress = Initialise very

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10
Q

Chinese Structure

A

Subject > Location > Time > Action

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11
Q

[subject] + de

的

A

Indicates ownership

S+的+

The [subject]’s…

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12
Q

I’m busy today

A

我今天很忙
wǒ jīn tiān hěn máng

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13
Q

I’m fine, I’m busy today

A

我很好今天很忙
wǒ hěn hǎo, jīn tiān hěn máng

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14
Q

How are you today?

A

你今天怎么样
nǐ jīn tiān zěn me yàng?

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15
Q

Have you ever been to…?

A

你去过…
nǐ qù guò…

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16
Q

Did not have the opportunity to

(One word)

A

没有 = 没
méi yǒu = méi

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17
Q

Have you eaten yet?

A

你吃了吗
nǐ chī le ma？

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18
Q

I’ve eaten

A

吃了
chī le

or

我吃了
wǒ chī le

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19
Q

I’m eating

A

我在吃
wǒ zài chī

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20
Q

I like

A

我喜欢
wǒ xǐ huan

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21
Q

I am busy with what I am currently doing

A

我在忙
wǒ zài máng

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22
Q

Yes

[Responding to;

你喜欢
nǐ xǐ huan (“Do you like?”)]

A

喜欢
xǐ huan

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23
Q

Have coffee

A

喝咖啡吧
hē kā fēi ba

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24
Q

Eat it

A

吃吧
chī ba

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25
Q

Come [formal vs. daily life]

A

进来吧
jìn lái ba

[More formal]

进来
jìn lái

[Daily life]

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26
Q

Is 请问 commonly used in daily life?

[qǐng]

A

No, only necessary situations with ** or business

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27
Q

Please eat / Please Drink

A

请吃
Qǐng chī

请喝
Qǐng hē

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28
Q

Are you tired today?

A

你今天累吗？

nǐ jīn tiān lèi ma？

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29
Q

What’s your name?

A

你叫什么名字?

nǐ jiào shén me míng zì?

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30
Q

I got it!

A

我知道了
wǒ zhī dào le

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31
Q

Have you ever tried French cuisine?

A

你吃过法国菜吗
nǐ chī guò fǎ guó cài ma

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32
Q

Chinese people like to go to France

A

中国人喜欢去法国
zhōngguórén xǐhuan qù fǎguó

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33
Q

I haven’t tried Indian cuisine before

A

我没吃过印度菜
wǒ méi ch guò yìndù cài

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34
Q

My home is in Australia

A

我的家在澳大利亚
wǒ de jiā zài ào dà lì yà

35
Q

Rule to use: 好久没

hǎo jiǔ méi

A

Place after subject.

S+好久没+
hǎo jiǔ méi

36
Q

Your home is in China

A

你的家在中国
nǐ de jiā zài zhōngguó

37
Q

[verb] + 的

de

A

Past tense — ‘ed’ verb particle [past tense]

Use when passed time is short

38
Q

Where is [time] mentioned in a sentence?

A

S+time

39
Q

Come in [Textbook Chinese + Daily]

A

请去
qǐng qù

[Textbook Chinese]

进来
jìn lái

[Daily]

40
Q

Drink water

A

喝水
hē shuǐ

41
Q

What did you eat today?

A

你今天吃的什么?
nǐ jīn tiān chī de shén me？

42
Q

a little [+ adjective]

A

有点 儿
yǒu diǎn er

N is silent

43
Q

And

A

和
hé

[No double placement]

44
Q

Where

A

在哪儿 / 哪里
zaì + nǎ er [informal]/ nǎ lǐ [formal]

45
Q

Grandfather

A

爷爷
yé ye

46
Q

Grandmother

A

奶奶
nǎi nai

47
Q

Milk

A

牛奶
niú nǎi

48
Q

Human milk

A

人奶
rén nǎi

49
Q

Like a lot [pre-fix]

A

非常
fēi cháng

50
Q

Just finished [structure]

A

V + 完 +了

V + wán + le

51
Q

Cuisine [structure]

A

[Country] + 菜

cài

52
Q

I drink coffee almost everyday

A

我差不多每天喝咖啡
wǒ chà bú duō měitiān hē kā fēi

53
Q

Are you tired today?

A

你今天累吗
nǐ jīn tiān lèi ma

54
Q

[2] Placement for; 了 Le

A

Action + 了 (directly after action) – Emphasis!

Action + 了 (end of sentence) – Regular

55
Q

Placement for; 在 zài

A

Omit double placement

56
Q

[verb] + 着

zhe

A
  1. Present continuous — ‘ing’ verb particle

ALL cases

57
Q

Taste [structure]

A

喝过
hē guò

fix for drink/eat

58
Q

To taste (drink)

A

喝过
hē guò

59
Q

Mr + [Name]

A

Name + 先生

xiānsheng

60
Q

Or

A

还是
hái shì

[omit 吗]

ma

61
Q

吗
ma

A
  1. Question particle; All cases except:

Which/Where/Or; type questions

62
Q

Recognise/know

A

认识
rèn shí

63
Q

Or [Declarative sentence]

A

或者
huò zhě

64
Q

All

[Suffix**]

A

都
dōu

65
Q

v. + (Le) 一些

yìxiē

A

Indicates some

66
Q

Person V + 一 下

A

Someone briefly performs action (request or describing)

67
Q

Emphasise past tense

double check

A

V + 到
dào

68
Q

Structure for [I] “need” something

A

Sbj + 真的要
+ zhēn de yào

*Only applies to [I/Me] Subject

69
Q

Structure for [You/other] “need” something

A

真的需要
zhēn de xūyào

*Applies to [You/Other] subject

70
Q

What is the “AA” Rule

A

Double adjective is the same as the single adjective.

In what cases do we use this?

71
Q

Structure to use when assigning 2 adjectives to a noun (separated by “and’)

A

又 [大] 又 [甜]
yòu [dà] yòu [tián] = [big] and [sweet]

What case can we use this?

72
Q

How to use 见 jiàn?

A

Noun = To meet

Verb complement = V + 见
To complete an action successfully (referring to senses)

E.g. 看见 = To see (successfully)

(kàn jiàn)

73
Q

What is the difference between using:

V + 了
1. le

V + 过
2. guò

A
  1. le – In a general sense, the context of the sentence is past tense. May also carry the connotation of “just happened” e.g. “Today/Yesterday, I did/went to..”
  2. guò – The verb mentioned, has completed fully. It is well established and a complete event potentially a long time ago. E.g. I have been to…
74
Q

What is the difference between using the verb complement:

V +见
1. jiàn

V + 到
2. dào

A

Both carry same use (structure) and similar meaning (interchangeable).

They indicate a successful attempt at an action. E.g. instead of “to look” (general & aimless), it changes “to see” (specific)

Can be used for past tense, future tense, and to emphasise

Difference is;

  1. jiàn –Use mainly after mentioning the senses;

你能看见吗
nǐ néng kànjiàn ma? = Can you see it?

  1. dào – Used for a broad range of verbs; [More common]
75
Q

V + 起来
qǐ lái

A

Eat + 起来 = Tastes

Hear + 起来 = Sounds

Look + 起来 = Looks

Verb to Descriptive Verb Used for senses?

76
Q

Differentiate between 是 + A. + 的; and 很 + A.

A

1st (shì…de) – Clarify something (Usually in response?)

e.g. 这个蛋糕吃起来是甜的
zhège dàngāo chīqǐlái shì tián de – This cake’s taste is sweet

2nd (hěn) – Compliment

e.g. 这个蛋糕吃起来很甜
zhège dàngāo chīqǐlái hěntián - This cake tastes very sweet!

77
Q

V. + ?

Meaning: To perform the action (verb) briefly

A

V． + 一下儿

+ yí xià er

When should we use/omit 儿

78
Q

Order for:

(No. of) times, location, verb, subject, time

A

Subject + Time + Location + Verb + Object + times

79
Q

Difference between:

  1. 想
    (xiǎng)
  2. 要
    (yào)
  3. 想要
    (xiǎng yào)

4.觉得
(juéde)

A

(xiǎng)
1) + N. = To miss
2) + V. = To want
3) = To think or contemplate

(xiǎngyào) + V. = To want (soft)

(yào) = Immediate or direct need

(juéde) = Expressing a feeling about something

80
Q

How to use:
jǐ (year) + jǐ (month) + jǐ (day)

A

Each individually mean, “Which (year/month/day)?”. Can be used in any combination or by themselves

81
Q

Sense + 的
(de)

A

Becomes a (general term**) noun.

E.g. 看的
(kàn de)
Meaning:Things that can be read, such
as storytelling, newspapers.

E.g. 吃的
(chī de)
Meaning: Food

82
Q

怎么 + V.
zěnme

A

= “How to”

E.g. 怎么说
(zěnmeshuō)
= How do I say this?

83
Q

How to ask “How do you say ___ in ___?”

A

(Noun) 用 (英语/中文) 怎么说?

(Noun) yòng (yīngyǔ/zhōngwén) zěnme shuō?

NB: (English/Chinese)

84
Q

How to say “something” is “in” “somewhere”?

A

在里
zài…lǐ

E.g.

我在麻辣烫店里
wǒ zài málàtàngdiàn lǐ
(“I was in the Malatang shop”)

Or

肉在面条里
ròu zài miàntiáo lǐ
(“[There is] meat in noodles”)

Mandarin (3 decks)

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