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PHC: HAI > Grammar—Lowenthal > Flashcards

Grammar—Lowenthal Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Intel

A

The process by which specific types of information important to national security are requested, collected, analyzed, and provided to policy makers; the products of that process; the safeguarding of these processes and this information by counterintelligence activities; and the carrying out of operations as requested by lawful authorities.

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2
Q

Mirror Imaging

A

Assuming that other states or individuals will act just the way a particular country or person does.

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3
Q

Politicized Intel

A

Intelligence officers’s analyses reflecting their preference for a certain policy.

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4
Q

National Intel

A

A nationally-based intel system.

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5
Q

Competitive Analysis

A

Having analysts from several different backgrounds and perspectives work on one issue to counter narrow views.

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6
Q

Groupthink

A

Making decisions in a group in a way that discourages creativity.

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7
Q

National technical means

A

A variety of satellites and other collectors.

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8
Q

Monitoring

A

Keeping track of activities.

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9
Q

Verification

A

The ability to determine whether treaty obligations are being kept.

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10
Q

Render

A

Deliver/transport (terrorists, in this context)

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11
Q

IRTPA

A

The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act

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12
Q

NIP

A

National Intelligence Program

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13
Q

MIP

A

Military Intelligence Program

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14
Q

Principals Committee

A

The senior coordinating body of the NSC.

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15
Q

Deputies Committee

A

Made up of the deputies of the PC and works on issues before PC covers them.

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16
Q

USDI

A

United States Director of Intelligence

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17
Q

Supplementals

A

Appropriations above the amount approved by Congress in the regular budget process.

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18
Q

Requirements

A
  1. Defining policy issues/areas that intelligence is expected to make a contribution to;
  2. Deciding which of these issues has priority.
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19
Q

Collection

A

Gathering information (not intelligence)

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20
Q

Processing and exploitation

A

The process by which information becomes intelligence.

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21
Q

Analysis and production

A

The process by which analysts turn intelligence into reports that correspond with the need of policy-makers.

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22
Q

Consumption & feedback

A

The process by which policymakers are briefed on intel reports and have a dialogue with the intel producers.

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23
Q

Priority creep

A

The problem where issues cannot be properly dealt with until they become a high priority, and then must compete with attention for other high-priority issues.

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24
Q

Ad hocs

A

A new issue that arises and is pressured into becoming high-priority.

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25
Q

Tyranny of the ad hocs

A

The problem that arises when ad hocs control policy/intelligence discussions.

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26
Q

Footnote wars

A

The process by which a separate point of view is supported regardless of the importance of the issue.

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27
Q

Dissemination

A

Moving the intelligence from the producers to the consumers.

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28
Q

Analyst agility/fungibility

A

The need for analysts with multiple areas of expertise so they can be shifted during times of crisis.

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29
Q

Analytic stovepipes

A

The process where raw intel data is presented without proper context.

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30
Q

Clientism

A

The flaw that occurs when analysts become so caught up in their subjects that they lose the ability to view issues with proper criticality.

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31
Q

Opportunity analysis

A

Policymakers wanting to act and make progress, rather than just react to issues.

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32
Q

Current & Long-term intel

A

Current: reports and anlayses on issues that may not extend more than a week or two into the future.

Long-term: reports and analyses that extend longer.

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33
Q

Estimates & assessments

A

The participation of more than one analyst on an intel product before it is sent to the client.

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34
Q

Global coverage

A

The requirement to cover any and all issues.

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35
Q

Layering

A

The use of judgments in one analysis as the basis for judgments in another analysis without also carrying over the uncertainties that may be involved.

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36
Q

NSC

A

National Security Council

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37
Q

HSC

A

Homeland Security Council

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38
Q

wheat versus chaff

A

sweeping up a great deal of information within which may be the intelligence being sought.

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39
Q

noise versus signals

A

the signals one wishes to receive are often embedded in a great deal of surrounding noise.

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40
Q

spies

A

collection platforms

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41
Q

swarm ball

A

the tendency of all collectors or collection agencies to collect on an issue that is deemed to be important, whether their information or imput is important or not.

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42
Q

Sources and methods

A

the details of collection capabilities

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43
Q

Five eyes

A

United States, Britain, Australia, Canada, New Zealand

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44
Q

LEO

A

Low earth orbit: orbit from 200-1000 miles

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45
Q

MEO

A

Medium Earth Orbit: 1000-22,000 miles

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46
Q

GEO

A

Geosynchronous orbits: 22,000 miles

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47
Q

Sun-synchronous orbit

A

orbit moving in harmony with the Earth’s rotation so as to always remain where there is daylight

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48
Q

HEO

A

Highly Elliptical orbit: orbit that comes close to the Earth over the Southern Hemisphere and is much farther away from the earth over the northern hemisphere. More time is spent over the northern hemisphere, which is beneficial because most targets are in the northern hemisphere

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49
Q

Espionage

A

HUMINT

50
Q

Denial

A

using knowledge about the collection capabilities of an opponent to avoid collection

51
Q

Deception

A

Lying about collection capabilities

52
Q

Resolution

A

quality of image

53
Q

denied targets

A

target areas to which one does not have ready access

54
Q

ASAT

A

Anti-satellite

55
Q

debris field

A

scattered remains from an aerial crash

56
Q

self-reveal

A

make themselves available

57
Q

negation search

A

looking at past imagery to determine when an activity commenced

58
Q

automatic change extraction

A

computers comparing images in a negation search

59
Q

shutter control

A

US control over commercial satellites operated by US companies

60
Q

FMV

A

Full motion video: long duration, close-in video collected by UAVs

61
Q

ABI/ pattern of life

A

activity based intelligence: intelligence collection based on observed behaviors likely to indicate that an activity of interest is taking place in that location

62
Q

content analysis

A

Reading messages and analyzing what they mean

63
Q

indication and warning

A

tracking communications

64
Q

traffic analysis

A

analyzing volume and pattern of communications

65
Q

encrypt

A

to code

66
Q

cryptographers

A

codebreakers

67
Q

steganopraphy

A

“concealed writing”: the message itself is hidden

68
Q

key-word search

A

collected data are fed into computers that filter out specific words or phrases

69
Q

risk versus take

A

need to consider the value of the intelligence that is going to be collected against the rest of discovery

70
Q

USGs

A

Unattended Ground Sensors: small acoustic and seismic sensors used to detect motion

71
Q

agent acquisition cycle

A

the process of managing spies

72
Q

asset validation system

A

gaining an asset’s confidence and assessing their weaknesses

73
Q

pitch

A

recruiting an agent

74
Q

source

A

agent

75
Q

developmental

A

a potential source who is being brought along to assess his/her value

76
Q

sub sources

A

sources of the source

77
Q

official cover

A

Intelligence officers who hold another government job

78
Q

Nonofficial cover

A

cover that avoids any overt connection between the officer and his/her government

79
Q

sleepers

A

agents that spend long periods of time integrating themselves into the target country

80
Q

walk-ins

A

HUMINT sources that volunteer

81
Q

Dangles

A

an “agent” used as a means of entrapment

82
Q

foreign liaison

A

the usage of HUMINT capabilities of allied nations

83
Q

denied areas

A

closed societies

84
Q

echo/circular reporting

A

the effect of a single media story being picked up and repeated by other media sources until the story gains exaggerated importance

85
Q

social media

A

sharing of information, views, and ideas via virtual communities

86
Q

information operations

A

conflict in cyberspace

87
Q

backdoor encryption

A

government access to commercial security keys

88
Q

cyber OPE

A

Cyber operation preparation of the environment

89
Q

BDA

A

battle damage assessment

90
Q

CNE

A

computer network exploitation

91
Q

CNA

A

computer network attack

92
Q

attribution

A

determined responsibility (for CNE/CNA)

93
Q

chatter

A

patterns of intelligence: communications and movements of known or suspected terrorists

94
Q

link analysis

A

establishing connections between various people to get a sense of their broader social networks

95
Q

JTTFs

A

Joint Terrorism Task Forces: fusion centers created to help federal/local liason

96
Q

industrial espionage

A

HUMINT undertaken by businesses

97
Q

ECHELON

A

searches through collected SIGINT (key word searching)

98
Q

RMA

A

revolution in military affairs

99
Q

Bioterror

A

outbreaks of sudden diseases artificially created as terrorist attacks

100
Q

counterintelligence

A

information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against espionage

101
Q

Counterespionage

A

countering penetrations of one’s service

102
Q

asset validation

A

confirming the bonds fides of HUMINT sources

103
Q

disinformation

A

putting out false information to support penetrations

104
Q

optional tradecraft

A

the skills learned from experience in a trade, often used to refer to the skills spies use to avoid being detected

105
Q

oversight

A

supervising intelligence collection

106
Q

PFIAB

A

President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: carries out more objective oversight than NSC

107
Q

PIAB

A

President’s Intelligence Advisory Board: can respond to problems or can initiate activities… often former senior intelligence officials

108
Q

global findings

A

broad presidential findings

109
Q

executive orders

A

legal declarations/ requirements made by the president

110
Q

PIOB

A

President’s Intelligence Oversight Board: a subset of the PIAB

111
Q

PCLOB

A

Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: ensures that concerns about privacy and civil liberties are considered when counterterror policies are employed

112
Q

authoriziation

A

congressional approval of specific programs and activities

113
Q

appropriation

A

allocating specific dollar amounts to authorized programs

114
Q

hollow budget authority

A

an authorized plan that has no significant funds

115
Q

appropriated but not authorized

A

when appropriators vote money for programs or activities that have not been authorized

116
Q

no-year appropriations

A

money that does not have to be spent by the end of the fiscal year

117
Q

supplemental appropriations

A

make avi

118
Q

supplemental appropriations

A

bills that make available to agencies funds per and above the amount originally planned

119
Q

Gang of 4

A

House and Senate leadership

120
Q

Gang of 8

A

House and Senate leadership plus the chairs and ranking members of the intelligence committtees

121
Q

special access programs

A

programs the Government Accountability Office was given access to

PHC: HAI (3 decks)

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