Grammar L.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Contextual demonstrative noun (conversational)

A

Something directly known to both the speaker and listener is indicated by「あ(あれ、あの、あそこ…」

Something known to the speaker but not to the listener, or vice versa, is indicated by 「そ(それ、その、そこ)」

1)さっき、山本さんに会ったよ。。。。(I met Mr.Yamamoto just now.)
え、あの人、今日本にいるんですか。(Oh? Is he in Japan now?)

2)さっき、図書館でマリアさんという人に会ったんだけどね。その人、この学校で日本語を勉強したんだって。(I met someone called Maria in the library just now, She said she had studied Japanese at this school.)
。。。そうですか。その人は何歳ぐらいですか。(Really? How old is she?)

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2
Q

Contextual demonstrative noun (written)

A

In sentences,「そ(それ、その、そこ…)」is used to refer to something that appeared in the previous sentence.

1) 会社を出たあと、駅のレストランで夕食を食べました。そのとき、財布をおとしたんだと思います。(After leaving the office, I had dinner in the station restaurant. I think I dropped my wallet then.)
2) イギリスの人気小説が日本語に翻訳されました。それが今年日本でベストセラーになりました。(A popular British novel was translated into Japanese. Now it’s become a best seller in Japan this year.)

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3
Q

Informal form of 「…のではありませんか」、it is used in informal conversation when saying what the speaker is thinking.

A

「V /いA /なA 」Plain Form +「んじゃないですか」/んじゃない?

N だ-> な +「んじゃないですか」/んじゃない?

1) 元気がないですね。何かこまっていることがあるんじゃないですか。(You look a bit glum. Is something bothering you, I wonder?)
2) タワポンさん、少し太ったんじゃない。(Thawapon, you’ve put on a little weight, haven’t you?)

「のではないでしょうか」= Formal conversation
「んじゃない」= Casual/Familiar terms
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4
Q

Indicate the position arrived at after the motion has taken place.

A

V (motion verb) た-form + ところ

「行く、わたる、曲がる、出る」

1) あのしんごうを左へ曲がったところに、郵便局があります。There’s a post office just after you turn left at those traffic lights.)
2) かいさつを出て、かいだんをのぼったところで、待っていてください。(Go through the ticket barrier and wait at the top of the steps, please.)

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5
Q

Indicates a situation that arises just before doing V, so 「Vする」does not actually take place.

A

V(よ)う + とする/しない

Usually used with「〜とき」「〜たら」

1) 家を出ようとしたとき、電話がかかってきた。(The phone rang as I was about to leave the house.)
2) 雨がやんだので、桜を撮ろうとしたら、カメラの電池が切れてしまった。(When I went to photograph the cherry blossoms because the rain had stopped, I found that my camera battery was flat.)

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6
Q

Indicate someone is trying to do V

A

V(よ)う + とする/しない

Indicate someone is trying to do V:

3) 父はけんこうのためにたばこをやめようとしています。(My father is trying to give up smoking for the sake of his health.)
4) あの日のことは、忘れようとしても忘れることができません。(I cannot forget what happened that day, even though I try.)

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7
Q

Indicates that a person does not intend to do V

A

「V (volitional form) としない」Indicates that a person does not intend to do V.

5) 妻は紅茶が好きで、お茶やコーヒーを飲もうとしない。(My wife likes black tea, and she has no interest in drinking green tea, coffee, or anything like that.)
6) 人の話を聞こうとしない人は、いつまでたっても自分の考えを変えることができません。(People who are not interested in listening to what others say can never change their opinion.)

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8
Q

Volitional Form

A

Group 1: Replace the last sound of the ます-form with the sound in the お-line of the same row and attach う

Group 2: Attach よう to the ます-form.

Group 3: します becomes しよう, and きますbecomes こよう

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9
Q

When asking oneself whether X is true or not.

A

「V /いA /なA 」Plain Form + のだろうか

N だ-> な + のだろうか

Can be used with interrogative words such 「どう、何、いつ」as to ask oneself a question.

1) この店ではクレジットカードが使えるのだろうか。(I wonder if this shop takes credit cards)
2) 大学院に入るためには、どうすればいいのだろうか。(I wonder what I need to do to get into postgraduate school.)

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10
Q

When asking someone else a question, gentler way of asking that does not demand an answer.

A

「V /いA /なA 」Plain Form + のだろうか

N だ-> な + のだろうか

Can be used when asking someone else a question, gentler way of asking that does not demand an answer.

1)すみません。この店ではクレジットカードが使えるのでしょうか。(Excuse me, does this shop take credit cards.)

Use the form「Xのだろうか」without an interrogative when one wants to suggest that X is not true, or that one does not think X.

2)このクラスでは日本語で話すチャンスがとても少ない。こんな勉強で会話が上手になるのだろうか。(There is very little opportunity to speak Japanese in this class. I wonder whether it is really possible to improve one’s conversation skills with a study method like this?)

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11
Q

N + (case particle + の) + N

A

N + (case particle + の) + N

Case Particles:「と、で、から、まで、へ」
「に」becomes「への」
「が、を」can NOT be appended

1) 友達との北海道旅行は、とても楽しかったです。(The trip to Hokkaido with my friends was very enjoyable.)
2) 日本での研究がいかがでしたか。(How did your research in Japan go?)
3) 国の両親からの手紙を読んで、泣いてしまった。(I was moved to tears when I read the letter from my parents back in my home country.)
4) 先生へのお土産は何がいいでしょうか。(I wonder what would make a good souvenir for our teacher.)

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12
Q

Expressing Conjecture.

A

「V /いA /なA 」Plain Form + だろう

N (ーだ) + だろう

1) アシアの経済はこれからますますはってんするだろう。(The Asian economy will probably develop more and more from now on.)
2) マリアさんの話を聞いて、ご両親もきっとびっくりされただろう。(I expect Maria’s parents also got a shock when they heard what she has to say.)

In conversation:「だろうと思う」

3) 鈴木君はいい教師になるだろうと思います。(I think that young Suzuki will probably become a good teacher.)
4) この実験にはあと2、3週間はかかるだろうと思います。(I think this experiment will probably take another two or three weeks.)

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