Grammar: L14,15

Question 1

呢(ne) Indicating an Action in Progress

Answer 1

呢, at the end of a sentence, indicates that the action is in progress. It is like 在, which is never used at the end of a sentence (only before v.)

正在 (zhèngzài) can be used at the start of the sentence; places extra emphasis on the progressive nature of an action

在 alone indicates that an action is in progress; therefore, the 呢 can be omitted

Question 2

Verbal Phrases and Subject-Predicate Phrases Used as
Attributives

Answer 2

Attributives (v., v. phrase, subj. obj. phrase) followed by 的 appear before what they modify

i.e.
我妈妈做的豆腐 (the tofu dish that my mother makes/made)
请你跳舞的那个人 (that person who asked you to dance)

Question 3

Time Duration

Answer 3

Must be in the affirmative

Question 4

Time Duration (Alternative for VO structure)

Answer 4

Only applies to vo not v. + obj.

Question 5

Sentences with 是…的(shì…de)

Answer 5

To describe or inquire about the time, place, manner, or the initiator of an action that we know already happened, we need to use the 是…的 (shì…de) structure.
The use of 是 is optional

Question 6

Adverb 还

Answer 6

还, as an adverb, can mean “still.”

i.e. 我还不懂 (I still don’t understand)

Question 7

又…又… (yòu…yòu…)

Answer 7

Both…and…

Two adj. used in this structure are either both positive or both negative

Question 8

死(sǐ) Indicating an Extreme Degree

Answer 8

Placed after an adjective, 死 (sǐ) serves as a complement that indicates extreme degree
i.e. 我饿死了
Usually in negative form, but sometimes positive too
i.e. 我高兴死了
Does not follow complimentary adj. (compliments)
(i.e. pretty, helpful, good)

Question 9

次 vs. 遍

Answer 9

次 (cì) is the mw most frequently used to indicate # of times action is performed. The “# + 次 (cì)” combination follows the verb
i.e. 我去了中国两次 (I went to China twice.)
HOWEVER, if the obj. is a pronoun, 次 must follow the obj.
i.e. 我去了中国两次

遍 (biàn) is another mw for frequency, but is used for doing actions from beginning to end
i.e. 请你念一遍课文 (Please read the text [from the beginning to the end] once)

Question 10

起来(qi lai) Indicating the Beginning of an Action

Answer 10

起来 (qi lai) indicates the moment when something static becomes dynamic, that is, it signifies the beginning of an action or state
i.e. 我们一见面就聊了起来 (We began chatting as soon as we met.)

Question 11

把(bǎ) Construction (I)

Answer 11

The object is usually known to both the speaker & listener
If subject is given, must follow v. with 在 or 到

Question 12

The Preposition 对(duì)

Answer 12

对 introduces the person/thing that receives a certain
effect from someone/something else (definition depends on context)

Question 13

越来越…(yuè lái yuè…)

Answer 13

The structure 越来越… (yuè lái yuè…) denotes a progressive change over time

i.e. 李友的中文越来越好 (Li You’s Chinese is getting better and better.)

Question 14

再说 vs. 而且

Answer 14

再说 introduces an additional reason that an action/decision was made (besides…)

而且 also implies ‘additionally’ but what follows can be explanatory (unlike 再说)