grammar features Flashcards
descriptive language attitude
how language is used
prescriptive language attitudes
rules and notations of correctness
morphology
how words are formed
->morpheme
->lexical item
syntax
how sentences are formed
->phrase
->clause
->sentence
prefix
added to start of root word
suffix
added to end of root word
inflectional function
show tense and plurality of word
derivational function
create a new word
open classes
new words can be added
->nouns
->verbs
->abbreviations
closed classes
no new words can be added
->pronouns
->prepositions
->determiners
comparative adjectives
-er ending
superlative adjectives
-est ending
common noun
kind of person/thing general to all
->man
->country
collective noun
group of things
->bunch
->swarm
abstract noun
things that cannot be seen, heard, tasted or smelt
->love
->fear
proper noun
refer to specific person/place/thing and have capital letters
->London
->Paris
count nouns
can be pluralised and use an article
-> a participant/the participants
non-count/mass nouns
cannot be pluralised and do not require an indefinite article
->water
concrete nouns
refer to physical objects and entities
->cat
->table
head noun
focus of noun phrase
determiner
article before noun that determines how many or who it belongs to
modifier
adjective/adverb that comes before noun to describe it
qualifier
comes after the noun to describe it
preposition
tells us where something is
past participle
formed from verbs to be used as adjectives (conversion) or form verb tenses (-ed, -en)
present participle
ending in (-ing) continuous tense
transitive verb
has to be followed by an object
intransitive verb
does not need to be followed by an object
auxiliary verb
helps other verbs
comes before main verb
->be, do, have
modal verb
deontic=necessity
->should, will, must, cannot
epistemic=optional
->might, may, could, can
perfect aspect
completed action
-> usually -ed ending
progressive aspect
ongoing/incomplete action
-> usually -ing ending
active voice
subject performing action
-> SVO
->Kim hit the cat
passive voice
subject having action done to it
-> OVS
-> the cat was hit by Kim
dynamic verbs
obvious action
->to run
-> to swim
stative verbs
no obvious action
-> to know
-> to believe
independent clause
group of words containing a verb that makes sense on its own
-> the dog barked
subordinate clause
group of words that adds info to main clause BUT does not make sense on own
-> when the postman opened the gate
relative clause
starts with a relative pronoun that’s requires prior info and adds extra info to main clause
->which, whom, who, whose
adverbial clause
acts like an adverb and modifies verbs, adverbs and adjectives
gives info about
->reason= because
->time= before/after
->place= where
->condition= if/unless
complex sentence
1 main clause and 1+ sub clauses
minor sentence
fragments of sentences that lack subject/main verb but still make sense
simple sentence
1 main clause with subject and verb
compound sentence
2 main clauses bound with coordinating conjunction
coordinating conjunctions
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
subject
performs action of verb
-> SVO
object
receives action of verb
-> OVS
complement
instead of object that adds more info about subject
follows verb ‘to be’
-> SVC
adverbial
adds more info about subject of the verb at the end
-> SVA
-> SVOA
declaratives
statement
-> full stop
interrogatives
questions
-> question marks
imperatives
begin with imperative verb and command
-> full stop
exclamations
show elation etc
-> exclamation mark
deixis
context dependent words
-> i am here now= deictic
