Grammar etc. Flashcards
Non-lenitable sounds
dentals (d,t after n), hard s-pairs (sp, sg,sm, st), LEARN, vowels
Syntax
Verb-Subject-Object
I
mi/mise
you (sg)
thu/thusa
he
e/esan
she
i/ise
we
sinn/sinnse
you (pl)
sibh/sibhse
they
iad/iadsan
my
mo/m’ (+lenition)
your (sg)
do/d’ (+lenition)
his
a/nothing if followed by vowel (+lenition)
her
a/a h-
our
ur
your (pl)
ar
their
an/am if followed by BFMP
He/my brother has children
Tha clann aige/ aig do bhràthair
at
aig (same form for def. and indef. article)
on
air (same form for def. and indef. article)
with
le/leis (followed by def. article)
in
ann an or am (BFMB)/anns (followed by def. article)
towards/alongside
ri
to/for
do/don or dhan (NOT followed by def. article)
from (not permanent)
bho/bhon (followed by def. article)
below
fo/fon (followed by def. article)
from (permanent)
à/às (if followed by def. article)
at me
agam
at you (sg)
agad
at him
aige
at her
aice
at us
againn
at you (pl)
agaibh
at them
aca
on me
orm
on you (sg)
ort
on him
air
on her
oirre
on us
oirnn
on you (pl)
oirbh
on them
orra
with me
leam
with you (sg)
leat
with him
leis
with her
leatha
with us
leinn
with you (pl)
leibh
with them
leotha
in me
annam
with you (sg)
annad
with him
ann
with her
innte
with us
annainn
with you (pl)
annaibh
with them
annta
have
at –> aig + name/prep- pron. aig
I have kids
Tha clann agam
know
knowledge is at me –> fhios aig + name/prep. pron. ‘aig’
I know
Tha fhios agam
adjectives
usually follow the nouns they qualify
adjectives that precede nouns and cause LENITION
seann, deagh, droch,
aon, dearbh
adjectives following a feminine noun (nominative form)
lenition if possible
adjectives following a masculine noun ( nominative form)
no lenition
adjective following a plural noun (nominative form)
no lenition, except if preceding noun ends in slender consonant,
an extra syllable is added to the following adjective, if it is monosyllabic AND gorm, dearg (+e/+a)
the same
aon or dearbh –> both precede nouns and cause lenition and are preceded by def. articles
(aon does not lenite a following d/t)
article: masc. nouns beginning with consonants
an
article: masc. nouns beginning with BFMP
am
article: masc. nouns beginning with vowel
an-t
article: fem. nouns beginning with non-lenitable sounds
an
article: fem. nouns beginning with lenitable sounds
a’ (+ lenition)
article: fem. nouns beginning with f
an (+ lenition: fh)
article: fem. nouns with s (not hard s-sounds)
an-t
What is your name?
Dè an t-ainm a th’ort
wear
on –> air + name/prep. pron. ‘air’
I wear a dress
Tha dreasa orm
BE thirsty
Tha am pathadh air + name/prep. pron. ‘air’
I am thirsty
Tha am pathadh orm
naming
‘S e (name) a th’ (prep. pron. ‘air’)
My name is Sophie
‘S e Sophie a th’orm
What color is it?
Dè an dath a th’air?
BE hungry
Tha an t-acras air + name/prep. pron. ‘air’
I am hungry
Tha an t-acras orm
BE sleepy
Tha an cadal air + name/prep. pron. ‘air’
I am sleepy
Tha an cadal orm
BE drunk
Tha an deoch air + name/prep. pron ‘air’
I am drunk
Tha an deoch orm
What is wrong with …?
Dè tha ceàrr air + name/prep. pron. ‘air’
What is wrong with you?
Dè tha ceàrr ort?
…love….
Tha gaol aig + name/prep. pron. ‘aig’ air + name/prep. pron. ‘air’
I love you
Tha gaol agam ort
only have
Chan eil aig + name/prep. pron. ‘aig’ ach …
I only have a small car
Chan eil agam ach càr beag
work as
It is the job that is in … –>
‘S e (job) a th’ ann + name/prep. pron. ‘ann’
I work as a nurse
‘S e nurs a th’annam
It is NOUN/NOUN+ADJECTIVE –> premanent
‘S e (noun) a th’ann + name/prep. pron. ‘ann’
It is coffee
‘S e cofaidh a tha’ann
It is ANYTHING ELSE –> changing
Tha (pers. pron.) (WORD)
It is cold
Tha e fuar
describing
Use THA
James is well
Tha Seumas gu math
defining
saying that one person/thing is another person/thing
Use ‘S e
‘S e construction with definite nouns (nouns with definite articles, names and place names, nouns with possessive pronouns)
‘S e (name/emphatic pers. pron.) (DEF. NOUN.)
I am the teacher
‘S e mise an tidsear
‘S e construction with indefinte nouns
‘S e (INDEF. NOUN) a th’ann + an/am (DEF. NOUN)/ a th’prep. pron. ‘ann’
Barra is not a big island
Chan e eilean mòr a th’ann am Barraigh
‘S e forms
+ !: ‘S e
+ ?: An e
- !: Chan e
- ?: Nach e
Prepositional case/dative case
if there is a prepositon in front of noun with a definite article, it changes to a female article –> causes lenition if possible
Dative: Preposition + article + male noun
prepostion + article + female noun (+ lenition if possible)
dative: am BMP
prep. a’ Bh/Mh/Ph (lenition)
dative: am F
prep. an Fh (lenition)
dative: an-t (vowel)
prep. an Vowel
dative: an S
prep. an t-s
dative: an (lenitable) consonant
prep. a’ (lenition)
dative: an (non-lenitable) consonant/hard s-pairs/dentals
prep. an (non-lenitable) consonant/hard s-pairs/dentals
imperatives
take on the same form as the root of the verb
time
analoge, never digital,
always ‘past’ until ?:30 always ‘to’ from ?:30
3 o’clock
trì uairean
12 o’clock
dà uair dheug
5.40
fichead mionaid gu còig
3.17
seachd mionaidean deug as dèidh trì
1.15
cairteal as dèidh aon
9.30
leth uair as dèidh
Forms of WAS
+ !: bha
+ ?: an robh?
- !: cha robh
- ?: nach robh?
Forms of BE
+ !: tha
+ ?: a bheil?
- !: chan eil
- ?: nach eil?
Forms of WILL
+ !: bidh
+ ?: am bi?
- !: cha bhi
- ?: nach
like
‘S toil le + name/prep. pron. ‘le’ (OBJECT)
John likes coffee
‘S toil le Iain cofaidh
Forms of LIKE
+ !: ‘S toil
+ ?: an toil?
- !: cha toil
- ?: nach toil
want
Tha (pers. pron.) ag iarraidh
I want coffee
Tha mi ag iarraidh cofaidh
–> more acceptable in Gaelic than in English
would like
bu toil le + name/prep. pron. ‘le’
I would like coffee
Bu toil leam
Forms of WOULD LIKE
+ !: bu toil
+ ?: am bu toil?
- !: cha bu toil
- ?: nach bu toil?
verbal nouns
correspond to particples in other languages,
most often formed by adding a suffix
present tense
usually formed by using the verbal noun with THA:
tha (pers. pron./name) ag (before vowels)/a’ (VERBAL NOUN)
–> in the present tense this construction covers both the simple present and the present progressive
They watch/are watching
Tha iad a’coimhead
