Grammar And Syntax. Flashcards
Simple sentence example.
He kicked the ball.
Compound sentence def.
Two or more simple sentences joined with a coordinating conjunction e.g. And, but, or.
Both clauses can stand independently.
Compound sentence example.
I kicked the ball and scored a goal.
Should be I kicked the ball start is ellipted.
Complex sentence def.
Two or more clauses.
One is independent and one is subordinate.
Linked with a subordinating conjunction e.g. Because, although, if.
Subordinate can’t stand on own.
Complex sentence example.
Although he was tired, he kicked the ball.
Compound-complex sentence def.
Coordination and subordination.
Three clauses.
Compound complex example.
He kicked the ball and celebrated the goal even though he was tired.
Declarative.
Telling
Before easter, she had driven to the development in Fife.
S+v (structure)
Interrogative.
Asking
Is it done yet?
V+S (structure)
Imperative.
Instructing, demanding, inviting.
Look at the evidence.
V+S (structure)
Exclamatory.
Telling
That was not an excuse!
S+V (structure)
Needs an explanation mark.
Prescriptivism.
Varieties of English other than standard English are wrong and incorrect.
Highly critical of uses that deviate from established ‘rules’
Descriptivism.
Focuses on actual uses of language in real life context rather than rules.
Does not involve value judgement.
Standard English is a benchmark but alternatives are variant.
Morphology.
The break down of words.
Linguistic rank.
M- morpheme. L- lexical item P- phrase C- clause S- sentence U- utterance T- text
Syntax.
How words are put together to make longer parts.
Phrase (syntax)
Group of words.
Clause (syntax)
Group of words around a verb.
Sentence (syntax)
One or more clauses.
NP
Noun phrase centred around a noun.
H
Head noun.
The times.
NP
The- Determiner
times- head noun
A small island.
NP
A- d
Small- modifier
Island- h
Pre modification.
When the modifier comes before the noun.
The pretty cottage by the sea.
The- determiner Pretty- modifier Cottage- head noun By - positioner The - determiner Sea - noun By the sea- post modification
Subject (s)
The element that carries the verb phrase
E.g. I, he, she
Verb (v)
The verb phrase
Object (o)
The element affected affected by the action of the verb phrase.
E.g. I gave him a pen.
Him a pen is the object.
Complement (c)
An attribute- more info on the subject or object.
Adverbial (a)
The circumstance of the action or event
E.g. I put the box on the floor.
The floor is the adverbial
Constructing the passive voice.
A form of the verb to be + past participle.
The subject is not stated or at the end of the sentence.
Active voice.
The subject is at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.
Simple sentence def.
Contains one clause and one main verb.
