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Praxis 5039 > Grammar and Language use > Flashcards

Grammar and Language use Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute Phrase

A

Noun plus participle in which the participle follows the noun it modifies, the phrase acts as an adverb, usually answers “under what conditions” ie her eyes closing, Sandra…

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2
Q

Action or Helping Verbs

A

Have, has, had, do, does, did

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3
Q

Active Voice

A

Expresses a dynamic action: They played tennis

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4
Q

Adjective Clause

A

Play a describing role by adding information ie my dad, (who builds clocks), is awesome. Commonly begin with question words

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5
Q

Adjectives

A

Modify or describe nouns - typically answer what kind, which one, how many, how much, whose etc.

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6
Q

Adverb Clause

A

Introduced by subordinating conjunctions, modify independent clauses by answering adverb questions ie Because she loves pizza, we took her…

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7
Q

Adverbs

A

Modify or describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and entire sentences - typically answer where, when, why, etc.

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8
Q

Alliteration

A

Repetition of the same sound, usually the initial letter

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9
Q

Antithesis

A

Contrast in parallel phrases or clauses

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10
Q

Appositive Phrase

A

Rename the word or group that comes before it

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11
Q

Assonance

A

Repetition of vowels or vowels sounds

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12
Q

Cognitive Strategies

A

Help students remember and organize both content and language learning information ie. comprehension, writing, problem solving, reasoning, and self-regulation strategies

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13
Q

Colon

A

Used with lists, definitions, clarification

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14
Q

Comma Splice

A

When a comma is used in error to join to independent clauses, can be fixed with semi-colon, conjunction, or splitting into two sentences

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15
Q

Communicative Competence

A

Being able to speak a language both appropriately in a social context as ell as correctly in terms of rules and structure

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16
Q

Complex Sentence

A

One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

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17
Q

Compound sentence

A

Two or more independent clauses

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18
Q

Compound-complex Sentence

A

Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent

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19
Q

Conditional Sentences

A

Use the subjunctive and use would, could, should.

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20
Q

Conjunctions

A

Join words into phrases, clauses, sentences via coordinating (and, for, but, or), correlative (whether/or, either/or), and subordinating (join dependent clauses to independent clauses to which they are related)

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21
Q

Continuous/Progressive Tense

A

I was giving, I am giving, I will be giving

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22
Q

Discourse Competence

A

The knowledge of how to construct smaller units of language like phrases and sentences into cohesive, longer works

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23
Q

Em dash

A

Used to indicate an abrupt break and emphasize words within dashes –

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24
Q

En dash

A

Used to indicate range of dates, etc -

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25
Q

Euphemism

A

A pleasant-sounding expression for words that may be unpleasant in meaning

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26
Q

Euphony

A

Words that sound pleasant because of their letter sounds

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27
Q

Figures of speech

A

Expressions that communicate meaning in a way that is indirect or imaginative instead of literal

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28
Q

Gerund Phrase

A

Type of verbal phrase that begins with gerund (-ing and acting as a noun) ie Writing numerous cards

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29
Q

Grammar

A

The structures and systems that make up a language

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30
Q

Helping Verbs

A

Shall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, could

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31
Q

Imperative Verbs

A

State a command: PLAY tennis!

32
Q

Indefinite Pronouns

A

Replace nouns to avoid repetition: SEVERAL came to the party to see BOTH.

33
Q

Indicative Verbs

A

State facts: My brother PLAYS tennis.

34
Q

Infinitive Phrase

A

Verbal phrase that can act as a noun, adjective, or an adverb. Begin with the word TO, then a verb ie to walk to the house, to eat food

35
Q

Interjections

A

Have no grammatical attachments ie. Ouch! Wow!

36
Q

Interrogative Pronouns

A

Begin questions: WHO worked last weekend?

37
Q

Intransitive Verbs

A

Do not take an object ie. lie (to recline), rise (to get up), sit (to be seated)

38
Q

Language Diversification

A

Variances in usage across dialects, regionalisms, and cultures

39
Q

Language Policy

A

What a government does to regulate what language(s) are spoken and where and when in a country

40
Q

Linguistic Competence

A

Refers to knowledge of linguistic components such as syntax, semantics, etc.

41
Q

Linking or Action Verbs

A

Taste, feel, smell, sound, look, appear, become, seem, grow, remain, stay

42
Q

Linking Verbs

A

Join the subject to the subject compliment ie the dog is cute. ie. am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

43
Q

Mechanics

A

The rules that govern punctuation, capitalization, and spelling

44
Q

Metacognitive Strategies

A

Focus on thinking about thinking ie Identify what is known and what i not, plan, keep a thought journal, talk about thinking, self-evaluate, debrief

45
Q

Noun Clause

A

Do not modify, act as nouns, introduced by relative pronouns and relative adverbs, fill in for subject, object of preposition, or direct object ie (When she will move) has not been determined (acts as subject)

46
Q

Noun Phrase

A

Consists of a noun and its modifiers

47
Q

Nouns

A

Person, place, thing, idea

48
Q

Oxymoron

A

Juxtaposition of seemingly contradictory words

49
Q

Paradox

A

Seemingly contradictory statement

50
Q

Participial Phrase

A

Verbal phrase that acts as an adjective ie. Enjoying the stars, john…, Jon, known for his golf skills…

51
Q

Parts of Speech

A

The building blocks of sentences, paragraphs and texts. There are 8: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections

52
Q

Passive Voice

A

Used to indicate the subject is acted upon: Tennis was played at the club.

53
Q

Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense

A

I had been giving, I have been giving, I will have been giving

54
Q

Perfect Tense

A

I had given, I have given, I will have given

55
Q

Personal Pronouns

A

Act as subjects or objects in a sentence: SHE got a letter.

56
Q

Phrase

A

A group of words that communicates a partial idea and lacks either a subject or predicate

57
Q

Possessive Pronouns

A

Indicate possession: MY coat is red.

58
Q

Prepositional Phrase

A

Begins with a preposition and ends with the object of the preposition

59
Q

Prepositions

A

Set up relationships in time or space in a sentence

60
Q

Reflexive or Intensive Pronouns

A

Intensify a noun or reflect back on a noun: I made the dessert MYSELF.

61
Q

Regional and Social Dialects

A

Varieties of a language that people in a certain region or social group speak

62
Q

Register

A

Degrees of formality, differences in setting, appropriate context, etc.

63
Q

Relative Pronouns

A

Begin dependent clauses: Charlie, WHO made the clocks, works in the basement

64
Q

Semi-colon

A

Used to show general relationship between two independent clauses (IC;IC)

65
Q

Simple Sentence

A

One independent clause

66
Q

Simple Tense

A

I gave, I give, I will give

67
Q

Sociolinguistic Competence

A

Using the language in a socially appropriate way and includes understanding register

68
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

The study of language and its relation to society and culture

69
Q

Strategic Competence

A

The ability to recognize and repair instances of “communication breakdown” by strategic planning and/or redirecting

70
Q

Strategies to Access Prior Knowledge

A

Introduce vocabulary before content, use graphic organizers, brainstorm, ask questions about the topic or content

71
Q

Subjunctive Verbs

A

Make a statement of speculation or wish, formed with words like THAT. I WISH THAT I had a dog.

72
Q

Syntax

A

The study of how words are combined into sentences

73
Q

Transitive Verbs

A

Take an object ie. lay (something), raise (something), set (something)

74
Q

Usage Conventions

A

Guide writers and speakers in word choice

75
Q

Verb Phrase

A

Composed of main verb along with its helping verbs

76
Q

Verbal Irony

A

The use of word that have an entirely different meaning from their literal meaning

Praxis 5039 (3 decks)

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