Grammar Flashcards
Define Grammar
A system of rules for the use of language or as a study of what is preferred, what’s to be avoided in effective speech and writing. It is descriptive statement of the way the language works.
T/F Grammar has everything to do with correctness. It describes but does not prescribe.
False. Grammar has NOTHING to do with correctness. It describes but does not prescribe.
Define noun
name of a person, place, animal, thing, persons, objects or idea, substance, qualities, actions and measures of time or quantity. Ex. girl, mansion, municipality, religion, honor
Define Proper Nouns
Refer to particular places, persons, objects, ideas, etc. Ex. Adrianne, Malacañang Palace, UP
Define Abstract nouns
describes ideas or general concepts. Ex. justice, transportation
Define Concrete Nouns
describe tangible items. Ex. courtroom, bicycle
Define Pronoun
substitute for noun. This is used to avoid repetition of nouns in a sentence. Ex. his, he, him
Define Verb
expresses action or state of being; indicates time of action or being; only part of speech that can make a statement about the subject. Ex. waive, need, enjoy
Define active verb
term for the grammatical structure indicating that the subject of the sentence performs or causes the action expressed by the verb.
Define passive verb
can create a sentence that is less precise, which makes the reader wonder who decided.
Define Auxiliary verb
added to the basic verb to change verb tenses and to add specific shades of meaning.
Rules on should
implies that some action was preferable but was not in fact taken.
Rules on could
implies the capacity to do something but suggests that the action will not or has not been done.
Rules on would
implies that an action would have been taken had conditions been different.
Rules on can
implies capacity to do something although action has not yet been taken.
Rules on might
implies possibility
General rules on may
implies permission to do something; possibility of something happening
Rules on may in the case of US vs. Sanchez
It is not mandatory but discretionary
Rules on may in the case of In re: Guarina, 24 Phil. 41
“May” should be read as “shall”, where such construction is necessary to give effect to the apparent intention of the legislator.
Rules on may in the case of Gonzales vs. La Previsora Filipina
“May” ordinarily indicates potestative condition, but should be read as “shall” when the apparent intentiion of the parties demands such construction.
Rules on may in the case of Luna v. Abaya, Capati v Ocampo, Gold Loop Properties, Inc v CA
“May” is usually permissive not mandatory.
Rules on may in the case of Federation of Free Workers v Inciong
“may” in a statute is to be construes as mandatory and imposing a duty or merely permissive and conferring discretion. But, whether the legislator’s intention as a whole is to enact a law, mandatory in character, it should be given ordinary permissive effect.
Rules on “must”
implies a requirement to do something or refrain from doing something.
Rules on Must in the case of Diokno v Rehabilitation Finance Corporation
“must” in a statute is not always imperative but may be consistent with an exercise of discretion.
Rules on Must in the case of Loyola Grand Villas Homeowners Association v CA
“must” connotes imperative act or operates to impose a duty which may be enforced. Synonymous with “ought” which connotes compulsion or mandatoriness. Like “shall” is not always imperative and may be consistent with exercise of discretion.
Rules on “shall”
imply a requirement.
T/F to avoid ambiguity, use “shall” for requirement and “will” for future tenses
False. to avoid ambiguity, use “Must” for requirement and “will” for future tenses
Rules on “shall” in the case of Lacson v Lacson
“shall” must be given compulsory meaning, generally imperative or mandatory.
Rules on “shall” in the case of Loyola Grand Villas Homeowners Association v CA
“shall” in Art 213 of Family Code and Rule 99 of Revised Rule of Court connotes mandatory character.
Rules on “shall” in the case of Codoy v. Calugay
“shall” denotes imperative obligation; when used in a statute is mandatory
Rules on “shall” in the case of Montecer vs. CA
“shall” does not always denote an imperative duty.
Rule on “do”
adds emphasis; indicates positive answer when a negative one is expected.
Rules on “Do Not”
denies an action
Define Adjectives
Modify and descrive nouns or pronouns and specify color, number or in some other way making meaning more nearly exact.
T/F We must capitalize an adjective derived from proper names when frequently used for a long time in general language.
False
Define Adverbs
words that describe or expand the meaning of verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
Define Preposition
word that is placed before noun or pronoun; show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence
Rules on Preposition
- Avoid using many prepositions in a row.
- Avoid using prepositional phrase when shorter grammatical phrase could do.
- Use the objective case of a pronoun.
Define Conjunctions
join words, phrases or clauses.
Define interjection
comes from latin “throw between”; independently expresses feeling or strong emotions
T/F Justice Cruz that Proficiency in language is not only desirable or necessary but in fact indispensable.
True
What are the parts of a sentence and elaborate each.
- subject: group of words or phrase on which the statement is about.
- predicate: tells what the subject is doing or what’s happening to the subject.
Define Phrase
a group of words closely related but doesn’t contain subject or predicate.
Define restrictive phrase
essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Define non-restrictive phrase
parenthetical comment usually offset by a comma.
Define Clause
a group of words which has a subject and predicate.
