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Grammar Flashcards

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Chinese (Mandarin) flashcards
1
Q

Three types of sentences:

A
  • Name + Stative verb
  • Name + verb + name
  • Name + non-verb
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2
Q
  • List a few adverbs.
  • Do they come before or after the verb?
  • what’s special about hen?
  • what if in a type 1 sentence hen appears and also another adverb?
  • A type 1 sentence that has no hen in it, what can we conclude about the sentence?
  • What is the difference between dou bu and bu dou
  • 不, 都, 很, 也 - which of the four will always come first?
A
  • 不, 都, 很, 也
  • before
  • In type 1 sentences - it’s just there to add a syllable
  • In this case hen has its original meaning in the sentence
  • we can conclude that the sentence describes negation or comparison
  • 不都 - not all
  • 都不 - all are not
  • 也
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3
Q
  • What is the location of finites?
A
  • Comes at the end of the sentence
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4
Q
  • Does 是 is used to describe an object or to define an object?
A
  • To define objects
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5
Q
  • What are auxillary words?
  • What is the difference between 要 and 会?
A
  • verbs which precedes another verb.
  • 要 - showing will.
  • 会 - showing capability
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6
Q
  • Difference between 知道 and 会
A
  • 知道 - showing knowledge.
  • 会 - showing capability(requires experience/training)
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7
Q
  • 的 is used in two cases, what are they?
  • when does it come in the sentence?
  • What about geographic names?
  • what is the special case?
A
  1. When we want to describe ownership
  • Owner + de + object
  • here we should careful:
    • zhonguo pengyou != zhonguo de pengyou
    • Chinese friends != friends of China

2. When we describe an object by a stative verb. This has two cases:

  • Case 1: the stative verb has one syllable and we speak in contrast to other objects:
    • The good books - hao de shu
  • case 2: the stative verb has 2+ syllables or it’s preceded by an adverb
    • not good books - bu hao de shu
    1. Special case: there is no object after de*
  • In this case we should understand either by context, or it is the object which appeared at the first part of the sentence.
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8
Q
  • when 别 appears before a verb, which part-of-speech it holds, and what is it used for?
  • when is 别 located in the sentence?
A
  • When bie appears before a verb, it functions as an adverb and is used to negate the command, like the English word – “don’t!”. it can also be done using bu yao”
    • Bie shuo hua
    • Bu yao wen ta zhe ge wenti
  • Location:
    • At the head of the sentence
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9
Q
  • when 别 appears before a noun, which part-of-speech it holds, and what is it used for?
  • which word is added to bie?
  • where is 别 located in the sentence?
A
  • When bie appears before a noun, it functions as the word “other”. NOTE: we must add de – object + bie de + object
    • Bie de gongren ye dou xiang he cha.
    • All the other workers, they are also interested to drink tea
  • Location
    • Functions as the “ownership” of the object.
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10
Q
  • When does 一点儿 appear in the sentence?
A
  • Before an object
    • Who has a bit of sugar?
    • Shei you yi dianr tang?
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11
Q
  • When does 有 一点儿 appear in the sentence?
A
  • Before a stative verb
    • zhe ben shu you yi dianr gui
    • This book is a bit expensive
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12
Q
  • When 在 is the only verb in the sentence, what does it mean?
  • When there is an additional verb, what does it mean?
  • Where is it located in the sentence?
A

If there is no other verb in the sentence:

  • zai** means **to be(**in some place**)
  • Mama bu zai jia

There is an additional verb in the sentence

  • zai means in
  • Ta zai daxue xuexi Hanyu

Location

  • zai + “place” and gei + “someone” come right before the main verb
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13
Q
  • When 给 is the only verb in the sentence, what does it mean?
  • When there is an additional verb, what does it mean?
  • Where is it located in the sentence?
A

If there is no other verb in the sentence:

  • gei means to give
  • Laoshi gei wo yi ben shu

If there is other verb in the sentence

  • gei means to

Location

zai + “place” and gei + “someone” come right before the main verb

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14
Q
  • What is 也 used for?
  • What are 和 and ‘,’ used for?
  • If we have a sequence of names, what must come after?
A

When There are two same part-of-speech in a sentence and these two appear one besides the other

  • we need to think of a relation of addition between them
  • 也 is used to connect between phrases and verbs
  • 和 and “,” are used to connect between names and nick-names
  • we should add dou after a sequence of names.
  • ta shuo Hanyu, ye hen xihuan shuo Riyu
  • Moshui, bi zhi dou bu gui
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15
Q
  • 吗 can be replaced by..?
  • And it is allowed only if..?
  • And what if hui or yao appear?
A

verb + bu + verb

  • Allowed only if bu is the only adverb in the formula
  • When hui or yao appear, it goes hui/yao bu + verb + hui/yao
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16
Q
  • What does 是不是 mean?
A

Zhe shi zhouzi, shi bu shi?

(shi bu shi means “is it right”?)

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17
Q
  • What is the location in the sentence of verb+bu+verb?
A

It takes the place of the verb

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18
Q

what is the location of 呢 in the sentnece?

A

At the end of sentence

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19
Q

what is the location of 什么 and 哪?

A

zhe shi shenmne shu?

  • location: the place of the answer*
  • zhe shi Hanyu shu*
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20
Q
  • why do you study chinese?
  • why don’t you drink coffee?
  • what is the location of 为什么?
A

Ni Weishenme xue zhongwen?

Tamen Weishenme bu he kafei?

location:

comes after the name and before the specific thing we ask about.

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21
Q
  • When 几 is used?
  • what must come after 几?
  • what’s its location in the sentence when used as “several”?
  • what’s its location in the sentence when used as “how much”?
A
  • Used only for numbers which are not greater than 10
  • Must** be followed with a count word – **ji + count-word + noun
  • 几 + measure word + noun
    • 桌子 上 有 几 本 书
  • Subj. + Verb + 几 + Measure Word + Noun
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22
Q
  • Describe 还是 usage
  • In sentence type 1, if a stative verb appears in an “or” sentence, what rule we have about 很?
A
  • Function:
    • Like the English word “or”, but as a quesion word.
  • Grammar rule:
    • If a stative verb appears in an “or” sentence, we must not use the symbol 很 before the stative verb
      • Zhe ba yizi gui haishi na ba yizi gui?
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23
Q

What is the location in a sentence of 谁​?

A
  • It depends on the sentence:
    • If it is used to ask about identity, and there is no verb then:
      • Subject + shi + shei
    • If there is a verb:
      • Shei + verb
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24
Q
  • 多少, when can we use it and not use 几 ?
  • does it need a measure word?
A
  • with uncountable objects
  • When you ask about a great amount
  • No
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25
Q
  • which words must be followed with a measure word?
A
  • Words that require the formula:
    • 两
    • 没
    • 那
    • 几
    • 哪
    • 这
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26
Q

what is the differnece between 没and 都?

when should we add 都 after 没?

A

没- “each\every”

  • when mei appears in a sentence with more than just the formula dou is added afterwards.

都 - “all”, or when you want to make a statement about a couple of things

  • shuozi dou hen da
  • Lie laoshi, Xie laoshi dou hen xihuan jiao shu
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27
Q

Nick names - when to use the measurement formula?

A
  • when 这 or 那 appear with 是– meaning that the sentence is of the form X = Y we don’t use the count formula
    • 那是桌子
  • we use it only when it describes the object
    • what is expensive? this big table
    • 这张桌很贵
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28
Q

what is the best method for numbers?

A

divide into groups of four:

  • qian bai shi + ge
  • qian bai shi + wan
  • qian bai shi + yi
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29
Q

Location:

describer before described

or

described before describer

A

describer before described

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30
Q

what is a name?

what in the sentence is considered a name?

A

a name is some object

everything the comes before the object is also considered a part of the name

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31
Q

what is the order of parts of speech when we construct a name?

These seven young children

Those three chinese

A
  1. Names/Body-names/Nick-names
  2. Number + count word
  3. Stative verb/ Noun
  • This whole unit is considered as the name*
  • 这七个小孩子
  • 那三个中国人
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32
Q

The big table

The table is big

A
  • Stative verb which comes before an object:
    • You describe an object by its property:
      • 大桌子
  • Stative verb which comes after an object:
    • You attribute some property to the object. You don’t describe the object but give your opinion about it.
      • 这张桌很大
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33
Q

This book costs ten cents

A

这本书十美分

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34
Q

what are the symbols that ususally come in pairs?

A
  • 再 & 先
  • 因为 & 所以
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35
Q

What is the functionality of an object which appears at the beginning of the sentence?

the books, the pens and the ink he doesn’t sell

A
  1. The object is the main part we are talking about
  2. It is said in-contrast to the other option

Shu, bi, moshui ta dou bu mai

(it is said in contrast to other things he sell)

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36
Q

please say first

A

Qing ni xian shuo ba

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37
Q

_what is the difference between jian and kan?_

A

jian - to see. We don’t have intention to capture something with our eyes.

kan - to look. We do have intention to capture something using our eyes.

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38
Q

问题 vs 问

A
  • 问题 – a question
  • 问 – to ask
39
Q

学习 vs 学

A
  • 学习– when we say “studies” or when a sentence or a phrase ends with “to study.
  • 学 - to study
40
Q

说话 vs 说

A
  • When “to speak” comes at the end of the sentence – use 说话 instead of 说
41
Q
  • Chinese eat using sticks*
  • he can write symbols using paintbrush*

he uses a chinese paintbrush

who’s not using a pen?

A
  • Zhonggue ren yong kuàizi chifan*
  • ta hui yong maobi xie hanzi*

ta yong zhongguo maobi

Shei bu yong qianbi

42
Q

In a sentence, where is the word which describes the place located?

A

A specification of a place always comes before the verb

43
Q

which part-of-speech colors hold?

what unique about colors?

A

stative verbs

even though they are stative verbs, they only appear in sentences type 2(equality sentences)

44
Q
  • My old brother’s car is red.*
  • These two cups are white*
  • The books are blue*
A
  • Gege de che shi hong (yanse) de.*
  • Zhe liang ge beizi shi bai (se) de.*
  • Shu shi lan (yanse) de.*
45
Q

what are the formal coin units in china?

A

Formal coin units in china: kuai,mao and fen

46
Q
  • 10.05
  • 8.3
  • 32.09
A
  • 10.05 – shi kuai ling liu mao
  • 8.3 – ba kuai san
  • 32.09 – san shi er kuai ling jiu fen

Note:

Last coin unit is expressed when one or more digits in the number is zero.

47
Q
  • which words represent motion?*
  • what do they mean?*
A
  • lai – to come
    • When the motion is towards the speaker
  • qu - to go
    • When the motion is from the speaker to somewhere else
48
Q

what is strucutre for motion sentences we learned in class?

he comes to Israel to study

A

name + lai/qu + target + verb

ta lai Yiselie xuexi

49
Q

what is the idea behind multiplied verb?

look briefly in the map of China

A

the verb becomes shorter, less strict, less formal and lighter then when not multiplied.

Qing ni kan kan zhonggue ditu

50
Q

2:35(time)

A

liang dian san shi wu fen zhong

When speaking “zhong” is neglected.

51
Q

Time expression:

  • when it comes before a noun
  • when the sentence lacks a verb
  • when it comes before a verb
  • when it comes at the beginning
  • when a reference word is involved(gei, dui, gen,zai), it comes before it or after it?
A
  1. before a noun
    • it describes the noun
    • time + de + noun
  2. lacks a verb
    • The time expressions function as the part which the verb operates on.
  3. before a verb
    • describe the time of the verb
    • name + time + .. + verb
  4. at the head
    • the sentence describes what we are doing/did/will do at a specific time
  5. reference word is involved.
    • before it.
52
Q

They’re going to watch the movie of seven ‘oclock(before a noun)

what time is it?(lacks a verb)

We study chinese today.(before a verb)

now ,they are eating

(first symbol)

He’s about to buy today at the book store two dictionaries

(before a verb)

A
  • Tamen xiang kan qi dian de dianying*
  • Xianzai ji dian?*
  • Women Jintian xuexi zhongyu*
  • Xianzai tamen chi fan*
  • Ta xiang Jintian zai shudian mai liang ben cidian*
53
Q

Do you have time tonight?

Tonight I am busy

A
  • Ni Jintian wanshang you kongr ma?*
  • Jintian wanshang wo you shir.*
54
Q

What is the use of 些

  • These men
  • These chairs
  • These paintings
A

些 can convert any specific measure word

  • zhe xie ren
  • na xie yizi
  • zhe xie hua
55
Q

What is the functionality of 位?

  • These four physicists*
  • Two Japanese friends*
A
  • relates to human beings
  • causes the phrase to be polite
  • zhe si wei daifu*
  • liang wei riben pengyou*
56
Q

what is weird about the counting of days in china?

A

it starts from monday

57
Q

what is the structure of:

  • days
  • month
  • year
A
  • days - xingqi + 1-6. sunday end with ri or tian
  • month - [1,12] + yue
  • year - 4 digits followed by nian
58
Q
  • first day of the month*
  • third in October*
A
  • yi hao/ yi ri*
  • shiyue san ri*
59
Q

1978 (year)

A

Yi jiu qi ba niam

60
Q

21 dec, 1998

A

Yi jiu jiu ba nian shi eryue ershiyi hao

61
Q

does xingqi(week) and yue(month) require a measure word before them?

A

Yes. the measure word ge

62
Q

does Tian(day) and nian(year) require a measure word before them?

A

No. They themselves act as a measure word

63
Q
  • Three-four days*
  • Fifteen years*
  • twenty weeks*
  • fifteen months*
A
  • san si tian*
  • shiwu nian*
  • ershi ge xingqi*
  • shiwu ge yue*
64
Q
  • previous week.*
  • this week.*
  • next week*
  • previous month*
  • this month*
  • next week*
A
  • shang ge xingqi*
  • Zhe ge xingqi*
  • Xia ge xingqi*
  • Shang ge yue*
  • Zhe ge yue*
  • Xia ge yue*
65
Q
  • Tomorrow’s 28th(of the month)*
  • Now it’s three*
A

when the subject is time-notation it is type 3

  • Míngtiān ershiba hao*
  • Xianzai san dian*
66
Q

these are last year’s magazine

A
  • Time expression to describe a noun
    • time expression + de + noun

Zhe shi qu nian de zazhi

67
Q
  • what is the formula for counting numbers?*
  • The first man – di yi ge ren*
  • The fifth lesson – di wu ke*
  • The twenty five year – di ershiwu nian*
A

di + number + measure word + noun

  • di yi ge ren*
  • The fifth lesson – di wu ke*
  • The twenty five year – di ershiwu nian*
68
Q
  • At the first time, the doctor just wanted to ask you a few questions*
  • What was the year last time he came to Israel?*
A
  • di yi ci daifu zhi xiang wen ni ji ge wenti*
  • ta shang ci lai Yiselie shi na nian?*
69
Q

That’s the second time I’m eating chinese food

A

zhe shi wo di er ci chi zhonggue fan

In sentences that has the meaning “that’s the X time Y is doing some action, “zhe shi” comes at the head of the sentence or after denoting the executer.

70
Q
  • when de is neccessary except for ownership?*
  • The guest who come*
  • The books he buys*
  • The time in which we eat*
A
  • When the noun is described either by a verb or a whole sentence*
  • Lai de keren*
  • Ta mai de shu*
  • Chi fan de shihou*
71
Q

Describe the functionality of sentences which end with de shihou

  • When I was little, often I didn’t want to eat*
  • when speaking*
  • when sleeping*
A
  • In most cases they describe the time of the action. Therefore they come before the verb.*
  • wo xiao de shihou changchang bu xiang chi fan*
  • Shui jiao de shihou*
  • Shuo hua de shihou*
72
Q

when gei is necessary?

A

It is neccessary before the phrases

  • Da dianhua – to call
  • Xie xin – to write a letter
  • Jieshoa – to make a meeting between two people
73
Q

what are the reference words?

A

gui, dui and gen

74
Q
  • The teacher is good to us*
  • He told me: …*
  • What did Mrs Tien tell you?*
A

dui means “towards”, “in relation to”

x + dui + y + shuo = x told y

Laoshi dui women hen hao

Ta dui wo shuo

  • Tien furen dui ni shuo Shenme ne?
75
Q

he informed me about the literature class today

A

ta gaosu wo Jintian you wenxue ke

Some words don’t require a reference word:

  • Gaosu ta (to report/inform/tell him)
  • wen ta (to ask him)
  • huida ta (to answer him)
76
Q
  • Come with me*
  • ll speak with you English, okay?*
A
  • Ni gen wo lai*
  • I’ll speak with you English, okay?*
  • Wo gen ni shuoYingyu, hao ma?*
77
Q
  • We study chinese from three teachers.*
  • Who borrowed from you that painted interesting paper?*
A
  • “gen” is a reference word means “with” with two exceptions:*
    1. For the verbs “to borrow” “to teach”*
  • it also has the meaning of “from”*
    1. With the formula gen+complement+yiki/yikuair it has the meaning of “together with”, which means doing some operation together.*
78
Q
  • Let us go to eat together!*
  • I don’t listen to music today together with my little brother*
A

_yiqi(or yikuair) means together_

gen + yiqi(or yikuair) means together with

我们一起去吃饭吧

Wo Jintian bu gen didi yiqi ting yinyue

79
Q
  • Templates of total negation*
  • which types do we have?*
  • wha’t their relation with the verb*
A
  • Related to countable names*
  • Related to uncountable names*

in both the negated name comes before the verb

80
Q
  • uncountable names:*
  • what is the struct of “not at all”?*

He doesn’t know chinese at all

Little Zhang does not intend to learn Hebrew at all

A

yidianr + noun + ye/dou + negation + verb

  • Ta yidianr Hanyu ye bu hui shuo*
  • Xiao zhang yidianr xibolaiyu dou bu xiang xue*
81
Q

countable names:

  • He has no books*
  • He says he doesn’t have now even a penny*
A

yi + measure + noun + ye/dou + negation + verb

  • Ta yi ben shu ye mei you*
  • Ta shuo ta Jintian yi fen qian ye mei you*
82
Q

which part-of-speech location words hold?

A

nouns

83
Q

location words are divided into four groups

A

Words which denote location

Geographic names

Names or nicknames which in their essence don’t denote location(like zhuozi - table), but when one of the words below join them – they can denote a location.

One of the following words:

  • Zhèr, Zhèli
  • Nar, Nali
  • Dongbian
  • Nanbian
  • Xibian
  • Beibian
  • Zuobian
  • Youbian
  • Pangbian
  • Zhongjian
84
Q

The books are located in the library

  • He works in Israel*
  • The school is on the right*
A
  • Shu zai tushuguan*
  • Ta zai Yiselie gongzuo*
  • Renmen zai litou*
85
Q
  • x1 + bian(r)/tou/mian = on top*
  • x2 + bian(r)/tou/mian = at the bottom*
  • x3 + bian(r)/tou/mian = inside*
  • x4 + bian(r)/tou/mian = outside*
  • x5 + bian(r)/tou/mian = infront*
  • x6 + bian(r)/tou/mian = at the back*
A
  • x1 = shang*
  • x2 = xia*
  • x3 = li*
  • x4 = wai*
  • x5 = qian*
  • x6 = hou*

“on top” can be shorten to shang

li is not necessary

86
Q

describe: grammar behavior location words

It is very clean here

The books above

Above the book

A
  • Location words behave just like names.*
  • They take the place of names in sentence type 1 & 2.*
  • They can appear by their own, describe other names and have names describing them. By the order:*
  • zhèr hen ganjing*
  • shangbian de shu*
  • zhuozi shang*
87
Q

what are the three templates which express location?

He is at the library

The library has books

at the side – it’s a bed. (And not..)

A
  1. name + zai + location word
    • 他在图书馆
  2. location word + you + name
    • 图书馆有书
  3. location + shi + name
    • 旁边有一张床
88
Q

What’s the relation between “zai” and words which describe position or location at some place, like zhu(“to live”), zuo(“to sit”), sheng(“to be born”)

I live in Jerusalem

Let’s sit here!

A

after such words “zai” tends to appear after(!) the verb

  • Wo zhu zai Yelusaleng*
  • Women zuo zai zhèr ba!*
89
Q
  • 在 behaves differently when one of the following verbs appear:
    • 生
    • 坐
    • 住
A
  • Usually 在 appears with its complement(location), before the verb. With these words it appears after
90
Q
  • where are nar and nali appear in a sentence?*
  • Where is he?*
  • He’s home*
  • what is an additional usage for nali?*
A
  • this words appear at the place deserved for a location word.*
  • Ta zai nar?*
  • Ta zai jia*
  • nali is also used as a polite response to a complement*
91
Q
  • Where known names and uknown names appear in the sentence?*
  • The books are here(searched for books)*
  • Here there are books(didn’t search for books - unknown)*
A
  • The known names in the sentence appears before the verb, and the unknown after the verb*
  • shu zai zher*
  • zher you shu*
92
Q
  • what is the template for two actions that occur simultaneously by the same executer?*
  • He’s eating and reading newspaper at the same time*
  • My little sister is listening to music and drinking tea simultaneously.*
A

yibian + verb + yibian + verb

  • Ta yibian chi fan yibian kan bao*
  • Meimei yibian ting yinyue yibian he cha*
93
Q
  • Structure for the number of times the action occurs*
  • They come three times each year*
  • The teacher teaches us once a day*
A
  • verb + number + measure word(which means “times”)*
  • Tamen mei nian lai san ci*
  • Laoshi yi tian jiao yi ci*
94
Q

Structure for making the verb more formal, easy, less strict

  • I’ll use it a little*
  • I’ll make an informal meeting with you*
  • come for a second!*
A
  • action verb + yi xia(r)*
  • Wo yong yi xia*
  • wo gei nimen jieshao yi xia*
  • Ni lai yi xia ba!*

Chinese (retrieved) (13 decks)

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