grammar Flashcards

1
Q

becoming i-adjective

A

replace い with くなる

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2
Q

becoming na-type adjective

A

add になる

ex: 学生になる
to become student

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3
Q

of X and X, which one do you like?

i don’t like either.

A

XとXと、どちらが好きですか?

どちらも好きじゃありません。

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4
Q

い type adjectives:

to modify the noun directly, __

A

noun can directly follow the い type adjective (ending in い).

ex: 赤いリンゴ

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5
Q

to make い type adjectives negative,

A

replace い with くない

ex: 面白くない (です)

面白= おもしろ

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6
Q

to make い type adjective past tense

A

replace い with かった

ex: 彼女はかわいかた (です/だ)

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7
Q

い adjective negative past tense

A

replace い with くなかった

ex: 駅は遠くなかった (です/だ)

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8
Q

どちら casual

A

becomes どっち

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9
Q

after (doing) (verb)

A

[てform of verb] から、

ex: 家へ帰ったから、友達に手紙を書きました

いえかえったから、ともだちにてがみをかきました

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10
Q

before doing [verb]

A

(plain form verb) 前に

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11
Q

before (noun)

A

(noun) の前に

ex:

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12
Q

about to do something

A

[plain verb] + ところです

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13
Q

in the middle of ..

A

[verb]ている + ところです

ex: 昼ごはんを食べているところです

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14
Q

just did verb

A

[verb]た+ ところです

ex: 昼ごはんを食べたところです

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15
Q

ます verb -> command form

A

verb stem + って

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16
Q

while doing [verb]

A

[stem verb] ながら

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17
Q

how to get verb stem

A

ます form of verb minus ます

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18
Q

if (verb)

A

(stem verb) すれば , (result)

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19
Q

it is better to [verb]

A

[verb(whatever form)] ほうが

ex: 聞いた方が

better to have listened

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20
Q

during (noun)

A

(noun) 中
ex: こうぎ中

during the lecture

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21
Q

making verbs imperative

-います、-ちます、-ります

A

(stem)って

ex: 使います-> 使って
使=つか

(use)

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22
Q

making -ぎます verb imperative

A

(verb stem) いで

ex: 急ぎます -> 急いで

急=いそ=hurry

23
Q

making -します verb imperative

A

(verb stem)して

ex: 消します-> 消して

消=け=erase

24
Q

making -きます verb imperative

A

(verb stem)いて

ex: 書きます->書いて

書=か=write

25
Q

making -みます、にます、びます verb imperative

A

(stem) んで
ex: 呼びます->呼んで

呼=よ=call

26
Q

make verb
presumptive/ volitional
present/future affirmative

plain and polite form

A

plain: [-うend verb]だろう
polite: [same] でしょう

27
Q

make verb
presumptive/ volitional
present/future negative

plain and polite form

A

plain: [verb stem]ないだろう
polite: [verb stem]ないでしょう

28
Q

make verb
presumptive/ volitional
past affirmative

plain and polite form

A

plain: [plain past regular]だろう
polite: [same] でしょう

29
Q

make verb
presumptive/ volitional
past negative

plain and polite form

A

plain: [stem]なかっただろう
polite: [stem] なかったでしょう

30
Q

する -> short potential form

A

できます/ できる

able to do

31
Q

来る-> short potential form

A

来られます / 来られる/来れる

来= く-> こ

able to come

32
Q

る verb short potential form

A

[stem] + られ + ます/る
ex: 寝ます-> 寝られます/寝れる

寝= ね
sleep

33
Q

う verb short potential form

A

[う sound->えsound]+ます/る

ex: 働く->働けます

働=はたら

able to work

34
Q

change short potential form to casual ?

A

ます-> る

られ->れ

れる

35
Q

verb long potential form

A

[plain verb]+ことごでき+ます/る

ex: 何でも食べることができます

36
Q

noun long potential form

A

[noun]+ができ+ます/る

ex: 一人で買い物ができる

can shop alone
買い=かい
物=もの

37
Q

asking permission

neutral & casual

ex: can i keep this?

A

[て verb]もいいですか?

[xって]いい?

ex: これ、もらってもいいですか?

38
Q

want noun (欲)

present +/-
past +/-

A

[sub]が欲しいです
[]がほしくないです
[]がほしかったです
[]がほしくなかったです

です/だ can be omitted

39
Q

want (verb)

main tenses

A

[verb stem]たい

I want to do= conjugate する
[noun/activity] したい

ex: i want to play bass.

ベスしたい

40
Q

how to tell apart うーる verbs from る verbs

A

if the vowel before る is

  • い or え = る
  • あ、う or お = う

exptions: 帰る (かえる) -> 帰ります
入る -> 入ります
(はい) (to enter)

41
Q

attempted to (2 ways)

A

[verb stem] ようとする

[verb stem] つとめる

42
Q

tried (for the first time) (3 ways)

A

[verb stem] てみる

[verb stem] 試す
ためす

[verb stem] 試みる
こころみる

43
Q

transitive & intransitive

  • open
  • close
  • enter
  • exit
  • turn off
A
  • 開ける / 開く
  • 閉める/ 閉まる (閉=し)
  • 入れる (い) / 入る (はい)
    (put something in / something goes in)
  • 出す (だす) / 出る (でる)
    (take something out / something comes out)
  • 消す(けす) / 消える (きえる)
    (turn something off / something turns off)
44
Q

if/when [condition], [result].

A

(ta form of verb) + ら
ex: ひまだったら きて
“if you are free, come”
* to add emphasis on IF add moshi to beginning

45
Q

have you _______ yet?

I’ve (already)______

A

もう(verb past tense) (?)

ex: もう食べた?
polite: もう食べましたか?

46
Q

I have not ______ yet

A

まだ(てい form verb)ない/ません

47
Q

(you/i) don’t have to ___________

A

(ないform of verb w/outない) +

なくてもいい (です) (よ)

48
Q

it’s too ________

A

(いadj)-い +すぎる/すぎます

(な adj)-な + same

“its too ___ so, _____”
(adj - end) +すぎて ________

ex: このコーヒーは暑すぎて、のめません

49
Q

it is difficult to _____

A

(verb stem) + にくい
ex: そのしつもんはこたえにくい。
その質問は答えにくい。
“this question is hard to answer”

50
Q

I have to

A

(ないform verb-ない)
+
+ なきゃいけない
or + ないといけません

ex: i have to rush!
忙なきゃ!
忙=いそが

51
Q

have you ever ______?

i have _______ ed.

A

(た form verb)+ こと(が)ある?

(ta form verb) + こと(が)ある

negative: (verb)+こと(が)ありません/ない

52
Q

i want to ________
i wanted to ____
i don’t want to _______
i didn’t want to _______

A

(verb stem)+たい
(//)+ たかった

(//)+たくない
(//)+ たくなかった

53
Q

ーています / ている

form can be used to talk about

A

whats happening right now

habitual things

situation