Grammar Flashcards
When do you use a definite articles? (7)
- Before abstract nouns or nouns used to generalise
- Before names of continents, countries, regions and languages
- Before arts, sciences, school subjects, sports, illnesses.
- Before parts of the body
- Before meals and drinks
- Before fractions
- Before titles
When do you not use indefinite articles? (a, an, some, any)
- When stating a person’s occupation
- After quel, comme, en, en tant que, sans, ni.
- In a list
What are the partitive articles?
du, de la, de l’, des- meaning “some” “any”
When do you use de specifically?
- After a negative verb
- In expressions of quantity, e.g. assez de ou trop de
- With plural nouns preceded by an adjective:
e.g. On fait des efforts/ On fait de gros efforts pour… (We’re making great efforts to) - In expressions such as:
bordé de , couvert de, être entouré de (be surrounded by), plein de, rempli de
What are the direct object pronouns?
me te le la nous vous les
What are the indirect object pronouns?
(to) me
(to) te
(to) lui
(to) nous
(to) vous
(to) leur
Object pronouns precede…
verbs in other tenses
What are the disjunctive pronouns?
moi toi lui elle soi - one, oneself nous vous eux elles
When do you use qui?
It represents something or someone that is the subject of the verb
When do you use que?
Que represents something or someone that is the object of the verb that follows (followed by a pronoun usually)
After a preposition qui…
is used for “who” or “whom”- avec qui par exemple.
When to use ce qui?
Ce qui is used for the subject of the verb:
Ce qui est essentiel
When to use ce que?
Ce que is used for the object of a verb:
ce que je prefere
When to use quoi?
Quoi is used for “what” after prepositions such as “de”:
Je ne sais pas de quoi tu parles
When to use dont?
Dont means “whose” or “of which”. It replaces de +qui or de + lequel and can refer to people or things
When to use y?
- Meaning there or to there, replacing a place already mentioned
- Replacing a noun (not a person) or a verb introduced by a, such as penser a quelque chose
When to use en?
- Meaning “from there” or “out of there”
2. Replacing a noun ( not a person) or a verb introduced by de, such as empecher quelqu’un de faire
What is the order of pronouns?
me te le lui se la leur y en nous les vous
What are demonstrative adjectives and when do you use them?
The equivalent of “this” “that “those “these” and used before a noun
Singular Plural
masc. ce ces
fem. cette ces masc. sing. is cet
before vowel or silent h
What are the demonstrative pronouns and when do you use them?
Replace the noun and so are the equivalent of “this one” “that one” “these ones” “those ones”
Singular Plural
Masc. celui ceux
Fem. celle celles
What are the possessive adjectives?
masc. : mon, ton, son, notre, votre, leur
fem: ma, ta, sa, notre, votre, leur
masc. & fem. plural: mes, tes, ses, nos, vos, leurs
What are the possessive pronouns?
masc.sing. fem. sing. masc.p fem.p
mine le mien la mienne les miens les miennes
yours le tien la tienne les tiens les tiennes
his le sien la sienne les siens les siennes
ours le notre la notre les notres les notres
yours le votre la votre les votres les votres
theirs le leur la leur les leurs les leurs
How do you express possession with etre?
a (avec accent) + name, a + disjunctive pronoun, or a + qui.
Which verbs take etre in the perfect tense? (16)
aller venir arriver partir entrer sortir monter descendre naitre mourir retourner rentrer rester tomber devenir revenir
