Grammar

Question 0

Forming participles

Answer 0

Participles replace clauses that would otherwise begin with ‘ , который’. Participles are treated as adjectives, so decline according to their role in the sentence. Most common forms are present active and past passive.

Present active: used for actions that take place at the same time as the main verb. Formed from 3rd person plural, present (imperfective) tense, replacing last letter with -щий / ая / ие (eg читающий, читающая, читающие). For reflective add -ся. Note a small number may be used as nouns (eg учащиеся - students, they who study)

Present passive: actions that have taken place before the time of the main verb. To form put the perfective verb in the past form. If the stem ends in a vowel (except и) remove the suffix ‘л’ and add ‘нн’ or ‘т’ along with the appropriate adjectival ending (eg написанное, взятая)

Question 1

Forming nouns from verbs that indicate a process (‘ing’)

Answer 1

Verbs ending -ать: replace ‘ть’ with ‘ние’
Verbs ending -ить: replace ‘ить’ with ‘ение’

Note that not all verbs can be converted in this way. Note also that these noun forms decline like other nouns, and take care of the case of any other nouns when building noun phrases. They’ll often take the genitive (functioning of …, increase of …, production of …) but may also take other cases.

Производство с новыми технологиями (production with new technologies)