Grammar Flashcards
What does (으)로 mean? (2)
- expresses a direction (toward a place).
- It is also used when expressing mean of
transport, other means, tools, and materials used to make something.
When is 에서…까지 used?
When expressing the range of a distance
When is 부터…까지 used?
Expresses a range of times
What does 걸리다 mean?
to take time for going somewhere
What is used when you want to talk about the amount of money required to do something?
는 데 들다
What is used when you want to talk about the amount of time required to do something?
는 데 걸리다
What does 고 가다/오다 mean?
It indicates to be linked to the next action while maintaining the result of the preceding action.
What does 아/어야 하다 (되다) mean?
used to indicate an obligation or need to do an action.
In 아/어야 하다 what part of the sentence is the tense shown in?
The final verb (하다/되다)
What does (으)려면 mean? (2)
if one intends to do X or if
one wants to do X
What does (으)니까 mean?
Because
When is (으)니까 used?
When the sentence ends in a command or suggestion or When we are using the verb form (으)ㄹ까요?
Can you add (으)니까 to the past tense?
Yes
Can you add 아/어서 to the past tense?
No
What the difference between 아/어서 and (으)니까? (3)
- 아/어서 cannot be used with imperative sentences whilst (으)니까 can
-past and future tense (겠) can’t be used with 아/어서 but can with (으)니까
-(으)니까 is more general, in 아/어서 the basis is usually know to the other speaker
How are ㄹ irregulars formed? (3)
-The ㄹ is omitted when adding an ending beginning with ㄴ,ㅂ,ㅅ.
-With vowels ㄹ is not omitted
-when the ending starts with ㄹ, the ㄹ is removed and replaced with the ㄹ in the ending
What does 아/어 주다/드리다 mean?
can be used to ask someone to do you a favour, or to offer to do a favour for
someone else.
What’s the difference between 주다 and 드리다
드리다 is honourifics, 주다 is humble
What maker goes with 주다, and what goes with 드리다?
주다 = 에게
드리다 = 께
When 아/어서 is used (sequence of events) what type of verb is the first verb?
A movement verb
What’s the difference between 고 and 아/어서
-in 고, there is no clear clear connection
-아/어서 implies a clear connection
What does 다가 show?
used to indicated that one action has been interrupted and a different action is now taking place or has taken place.
How do you make a question more polite?
Add 나요 and (으)ㄴ가요
What’s the difference between (으)ㄴ가요 and 나요?
(으)ㄴ가요 is used with adjectives and 나요 is used with verbs
What’s the past tense of (으)ㄴ가요 and 나요?
았/었나요
What’s the future tense of (으)ㄴ가요 and 나요?
(으)ㄹ 건가요
When is 지요 used?
used when the speaker wants to confirm with the listener or to obtain the listener’s
agreement about something already known.
What’s the future tense of 지요?
(으)ㄹ 거지요?
What’s the past tense of 지요?
았/었지요?
What does 아/어 보다 mean? (2)
-expresses trying out or experiencing an action, and corresponds to ‘try’ in English.
-can be used to make requests more polite
When 아/어 보다 is used in the present tense, what does it mean?
It expresses trying something
When 아/어 보다 is used in the past tense, what does it mean?
it expresses having the experience of doing something.
What does (으)ㅂ시다 mean?
can be used in formal situation in which the speaker is suggesting or inviting a
group of people to do something or when the listener is younger or of lower status than the
speaker.
What is the more polite form of (으)ㅂ시다?
같이 -(으)세요 or 같이 -(으)시겠어요
What type of noun is 마다 usually attached to?
Expressions of time
Can other particles be attached when 마다 is attached?
No
What does 아/어도 되다 (괜찮다) mean?
Means your allowed to do something
What’s another way of saying 아/어도 되다 (괜찮다)?
(으)면 도다)
What can you use to deny permission?
(으)면 안 돼요
What does (으)ㄹ 때 mean?
used to indicate the time that an action occurs, not in the sense of ‘at 10:30
pm’ but in the sense of ‘when I …. X happens’.
When do you use 았을 때?
if the action in the (으)ㄹ 때 clause takes
place before the action in the main clause
When do you use 을 때 vs (으)면?
If you’re talking about a particular time, use ”-을 때”. If it’s about a condition or repeated situation, use ”-(으)면”.
How do you form a negative polite request ‘I.e. please don’t’
add 지 마세요 (마십시오)
How do you make a negative suggestion I.e. ‘let’s not’
add -지 말아요 (맙시다)
What does (으)ㄹ 수 있다 mean?
expresses ability or possibility. When someone or something is able to do
something, or when something is possible
What does (으)ㄹ 수 없다 mean?
when someone or
something is not able to do something, or when something is not possible
How can you emphasise (으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다?
Add 가 ((으)ㄹ 수가 있다/없다)
What’s the difference between 안 and 못?
안 indicates that your choosing not to, 못indicates you can’t do something
What does 기 때문에 mean?
This verb/adjective form is used in the first clause to explain the reason for what happens in
the second.
What sentence type can 기 때문에 now be used with?
Imperative or suggestive
Can you use the past tense with 기 때문에?
Yes
Can you use the future tense with 기 때문에?
No
What does (으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다 mean?
This pattern expresses whether one knows how, or has the ability, to do something.
What does 말고 after a noun mean?
‘not A but B’: , I.e. not today, but tomorrow
How do you conjugate words ending in ㅎ? (2)
-drop the ㅎ and change the final vowel of the VS/AS to ㅐ
-They also drop the ㅎ and (으) before verb/adjective forms using (으).
What does (으)러 가다/오다 mean?
To go/come in order to
With (으)러, what must the second verb be?
A verb of motion
Can you use (으)ㅂ시다 and (으)세요 with (으)러?
Yes
What noun do you attach 보다 to?
The one being compared (the noun to which ‘than’ refers in English)
How to do conjugate 것 같다 in the past tense?
은 (only used with action verbs)
How do you conjugate 것 같다 in the present tense?
(으)ㄴ 것 같다 /는 것 같다
How do you conjugate 것 같다 in the future tense?
(으)ㄹ 것 같다
How do you say ‘to a person’ I.e. I gave a letter to x’
에게, 한테, 께
How do you say from a person (I.e. I got a letter from x’
에게서 or 한테서 (no honourifics)
When do you use 는데? (2)
- used to link two independent or loosely-related clauses
- Either shows contrast or gives background information
When is 았/었으면 좋겠다 used? (2)
- It expressed a person’s wish or hope about something that has yet to be realized.
-It can also be
used when expressing a desire for a situation to become the opposite of what it currently is.
How do you conjugate ㅅ irregulars?
-ㅅ is omitted when they are used with vowels. The final ㅅ is dropped but you do not contract the vowels as you would with regular verbs:
- same with (으)세요 or (으)니까
What does (으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ지 알다 mean?
used to express something that one knows
What is (으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ지 알다 usually used with?
Question words such as 언제, 어디, 누구, 무엇, 어떻게, 왜, 몇
What does 아/어지다 mean?
Used to show a change in state and it means ‘become’ or
‘turn’ in English.
What word type is 아/어지다 used with?
Adjectives
When is 게 되다 used?
This verb form expresses a change from one state to another or a change in a situation as a
result of someone else’s action or the environment, regardless of the will of the subject.
What word type is 게 되다 used with?
Action Verbs
How is 르 irregular conjugated?
For the verb or adjective stems that end in 르, the ㅡ of 르 is omitted when it is used with a vowel, and an additional ㄹ is added to form ㄹㄹ
I.e. 모르다 -> 몰라요
How is the plain form used with present tense adjectives and 이다, 아니다, 있다 and 없다
Same as Dictionary Form
How is the plain form used with present tense verbs and 계시다 and 안 계시다?
Vowel + ㄴ다
Consonants + 는다
How is the plain form formed in the past and future tense?
Add 다 to the infix
았/었다 and 겠다
How is the future tense plain form formed with 이다?
되겠다
What pronoun is the plain form not used with?
저는/ 제가
How is the negative form formed in the plain form?
Verb = 지 않는다
Adjective = 지 않다
What does 아/어 드릴까요 and 아/어 드릴게요mean?
This pattern is used when attempting to help someone and corresponds to ‘Shall I’, ‘Allow
me’, or ‘I will’ in English
What’s the less formal version of 아/어 드릴까요? 아/어 드릴게요?
‘아/어 줄게요 or 아/어 줄까요?
What’s the difference between 만 and 밖에?
만 can be followed by either a positive or negative form, 밖에 is used only with negative endings
What does 자마자 mean?
that something occurs immediately following the end of some event of
action.
Can you use past/future tense before 자마자?
No
How do you do reported speech with an adjective? (Statement)
더고 하다
How do you do reported speech with an action verb? (Statement)
(느)ㄴ다고 하다
How do you do reported speech with nouns? (Statement)
(이)라고 하다
How do you form reported speech statements in the past tense?
았/었다고 하다
How do you form reported speech statements in the future tense?
(으)ㄹ 거라고 하다
How do you form adjectives in reported speech? (Questions)
(으)냐고 하다
How do you form action verbs in reported speech? (Questions)
느냐고 하다
How do you form nouns in reported speech? (Questions)
(이)냐고 하다
How do you form action verbs in reported speech? (Suggestions)
자고 하다
How do you form action verbs in reported speech? (Commands)
(으)라고 하다
What does (으)ㄹ 테니까 mean?
the first clause provides the speaker’s reason for giving a suggestion of advice and second clause contains the speaker’s suggestion or statement of advice to the listener
What does (으)ㄹ 텐데 mean?
In the first clause of the sentence, a strong intention or expectation about a future event or
situation is given, and in the second clause following (으)ㄹ 텐데, a statement either related or
contrary to the first clause I given.
What’s the difference between (으)ㄹ 텐데 and (으)ㄹ 테니까?
- (으)ㄹ 텐데Refers to the actual situation related to the supposition or assumption.
- (으)ㄹ 테니까 Refers to the reason for the speaker’s supposition or assumption.
What does 아/어 가다/오다 mean?
to buy something and bring it with you, to prepare something and take it with you and so on.
What does 거나 mean?
added to a verb or adjective stem to express a choice between that verb or adjective and the one following it.
What does (이)나 mean?
It’s attached to two nouns to show a choice between them -similar to ‘or’
What is omitted when (이)나 is attached to a noun?
the subject or object particle is omitted
What does (으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 mean?
expresses having or not having a particular experience in the past and
corresponds to ‘have done/had’ in English.
When is (으)ㄴ 적이 있다 not used?
when describing things that are often repeated or are everyday
occurrences.
what’s the difference between 아/어보다 and 아/어 본 적이 있다
아/어 보다 emphasizes the attempt, while 아/어 본 적이 있다 emphasizes past experience.
When can’t 아/어 본 적이 있다/없다 be used?
When the experiences were not intentional
What does (으)ㄴ 지 ~이/가 되다 mean?
‘It has been (time phrase) since one did X, since X happened’
What does 고 있다 mean?
expresses the progression or continuation of an action and is the equivalent of ‘-
ing’ in English.
What does (으)면서 mean?
This verb/adjective form is used to show that one person is performing two or more actions at
the same time.
What is used instead of (으)면서 when the two actions are done by different people?
는 동안
Can you use the past tense before (으)면서?
No
What does (으)ㄹ래요 Mean?
used either to express one’s own intentions, plans and wishes or to ask about someone else’s
Who is (으)ㄹ래요 used with?
a casual sentence ending used when speaking to friends.
How can you reply to the question form (으)ㄹ래요?
(으)ㄹ래요 or (으)게요
What’s the negative form of (으)ㄹ래요?
지 않을래요? (안 -(으)ㄹ래요?)
What does 고 나서 mean?
used to indicate that one action only begins after another has
finished
What does 게 indicate?
게 functions as an adverb in sentence. It indicates the following action, state, degree, method
etc. The adverb form is made by adding 게 to the adjective stem.
What does 겠 show?
겠어요is added to the ends of verbs to express the intention or will of the speaker. It corresponds to ‘(I) will/am going to’ or (I) plant to’ in English.
What does 도록 하다 mean?
to express the idea of making sure that someone does something
Which is the strongest and weakest of these?
아/오 보세요
(으)세요
도록하다
아/어 보세요
도록하다
(으)세요
What type of sentence is 도록 하다?
An imperative sentence
How an you respond to 도록 하다?
도록 하겠습니다
What does 아/어 보이다 mean?
used to indicate one’s conjecture or feelings based on the outward appearance
of a person, thing, or event.
What word type is 아/어 보이다 used with?
Adjectives
What does 기로 하다 mean?
기로 하다 is used to give the meaning ‘decide to do something’
