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Arabic 🇵🇸 > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

This and That

A

THIS: هدا/هده
THAT: هداك/هديك

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2
Q

This black pen is cheap

A

هدا القلم الأسود رخيص

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3
Q

Listing. Use of و?

A

Always use و, regardless of number of items in your list

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4
Q

Plural: masculine or feminine?

A

Feminine, always

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5
Q

Lunar or solar letters?

A
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6
Q

There is…
Note about use?

A

في
NB: also means ‘in’. But we use ب when describing ‘there is…in…’

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7
Q

There is no…

A

ما في…

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8
Q

Yes, there is…
No, there is not…

A

بعم في…
لا ما في…

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9
Q

In…
In the…

A

ب
بال…

OR في
This is used normally. ب is used to avoid repetition

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10
Q

Note about pronunciation of ‘in the…’

A

Don’t pronounce ال.
However, still pronounce the letters that are made based on whether the word you’re describing is lunar/solar.
For example:
بالتّلاجة
Pronounced ‘b-talajeh’
بالجرار
Pronounced ‘b-Ljarrar’

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11
Q

I have…

A

أنا عندي…

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12
Q

I know…
I only know…

A

بعرف
بس بعرف
Barif

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13
Q

I don’t know

A

ما بَعرف…

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14
Q

I want…
I don’t want…

A

أنا بِدّي
أنا ما بِدّي

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15
Q

I like
I don’t like

NB about use with nouns

A

أنا بَحِب
أنا ما بَحِبّ
bah-heb

Nouns must be definitive with ال

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16
Q

Because

A

لأني
لأنك
لأنكم
لأنه
…

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17
Q

Pronouns in sentences

A

No need to DOUBLE pronoun sentences. For example, ‘What do I have today’
شو عندي اليوم
No need to add أبا

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18
Q

You have…

A

أنت عندَك
انتِ عندِك

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19
Q

You have… [plural]

A

انتو عندكم/عندكن…
into endkm/endkn

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20
Q

We have…

A

احنا عنّا
eh-na ah-na

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21
Q

Note about use of pronouns

A

Not used in Arabic in most sentences. Just a formality. Omit when using full sentences

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22
Q

What do you have…?

A

شو في عندكم…

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23
Q

Use of كل

A

Always follows ال in noun

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24
Q

He has

A

هو عنده
Who end-ou

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25
Q

She has

A

هي عندها
He endhaa

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26
Q

They have

A

هم عندهم
Hom endhom

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27
Q

My pen

A

أنا قلمي

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28
Q

Your pen

A

انتَِ قلمَِك

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29
Q

Your (pl) pen

A

انتو قلمكم

30
Q

His pen

A

هو قلمه

31
Q

Her pen

A

هي قلمها

32
Q

Their pen

A

هم قلمهم

33
Q

Our pen

A

إحنا قلمنا

34
Q

My, your, their…
Applied to female nouns

A

Tamah buttah if noun is pronounced ت

35
Q

When adding adjective to nouns described as mine, yours, theirs…

A

They are described with ال
Because they are possessive

But never add ال to the noun, as we have already possessed it with a suffix

36
Q

Describing other people’s objects?

A

Use the same prefixes you would for people…
هو
هي

37
Q

Three ways to use ‘definite’ to construct sentences

A
  1. Use ال
    For example, The boy’s name is Oliver
    ‘Name’ is the SUBJECT, so goes first. Then add ال to the thing you are describe - ‘boy’.
    إسم الولد أوليفر
  2. Use pronouns
    For example, Oliver’s pen is nice
    Remember, ‘pen’ is the subject, so this goes first
    قلم أليفر حلو
    In cases where the subject is FEMININE, ة is pronounced ت
  3. Suffixes
    For example, My Uncle’s school is big
    مدرسة عمي كبيرة
    Reminder that Uncle has the suffix since this is what we’re referencing. School has ة pronounced ت

YOU CAN ONLY USE ONE FORM OF THE DEFINITE IN EACH SENTENCE.

38
Q

When describing ‘your’ M/F for words ending in a vowel?

A

For example, ‘Your father’
Short vowels are added to the suffix

أبوكَ
أبوكِ
Ahbook-AH
Ahbook-II

39
Q

He works
She works

A

بيشتِغِل
بتِشتِغِل
Beesh-tarill
Btee-shtarill

40
Q

Using ‘definite’ in sentences with more than one descriptor - ال, pronoun, suffixes?

A

ال
For example, the man’s dog is small
كلب الرجال صغير
The subject is ‘dog’ so goes first. ال is applied to ‘man’

PRONOUN
For example, Sami’s son’s dog is small
كلب ابن سامي صغير
Sami is last

SUFFIXES
For example, my son’s dog is small
كلب ابني صغير

41
Q

Including descriptor in the definite?

For example:
- My small brother
- My small and smart brother
- Sami’s small brother

A

Denoted with ال.
أخوي الصغير
أخوي الصغير و الدكي
أخو سامي الصغير

42
Q

Double descriptor + adjective in the definite?
For example, Her near room’s colour is pink.

A

لون غرفتها القريبة زهري
Adjective goes last in your definite sequence.
‘Near’ is feminine because you’re describing a room
‘Pink’ is masculine because you’re describe a colour

43
Q

Roots, Professions, Nouns

A

Will follow any of the following rules:

  1. Root فعل
    Profession فاعل
    Noun (also used to describe hobbies): no rule
    For example:
    - Write: كتب, Noun:
    - Do: عِمِل, Noun: عَمَل
    - Play: لِعِن, Noun: اِعِن
  2. Root فعل
    Profession فعّال
    Noun: no rule
    For example:
    - Draw: رَسَم, Noun: رَسِم
    - Cook: طَنَخ, Noun: طَبِخ
    - Fly: طار, Noun: طيَران
  3. Root فعل
    Profession مُفعّل
    Noun: no rule
    For example:
    - Sing: غنّى, Noun: غِنا
    - Act: مَثّل, Noun: تمثيل
    - Teach: علّم, Noun: تعليم
    - Engineering: هندَس, Noun: هندسة
    - Illness: مِرِض, Noun: تمريض
    - Employ: وظّف, Noun: توظيف
44
Q

Plurals

A

Plural M +ين
Plural F +ات

Feminine have no exceptions
Masculine plurals DO. These are known as broken plurals

Plural people - where there are mixed genders - uses the M plural

45
Q

Broken plurals

A

Applying plural nouns: remove any vowel and the ta marboota

The form فعيل becomes فعال
The form فاعل becomes فعل+اء (this applies also to words ending in ير)
The form فعل becomes أفعال

46
Q

Shortcut way of describing, for example, ‘clever people’

A

Don’t use the word ‘people’. Just use the plural adjective.

For example: أذكيا

47
Q

Type possessive

A

Similar construct to saying ‘proper noun’s’ noun

Some examples:
- Arabic lesson: درس عربي
- Toolbox: صندوق كهربا
- Hair brush: فرشاية شعر
The ة is pronounced in each case!

48
Q

Type possessive in definite form

A

The ال is added to the TYPE word only:
Some examples —
- The Arabic lesson: درس العربي
- My bed room: غرفتي النوم

49
Q

Have POSSESSION

A

I have أنا معي
You have انت معك
You P have انتو معكم
He has هو معه
She has هي معها
They have هم معهم
We have إحنا معنا

50
Q

All of (noun)
All of it

Half of (noun)/it

A

كل ال___ [adjective]
كله/كلها [adjective]

Same with HALF

51
Q

Past tense:
(1) Had, didn’t have
(2) Was, was not (existence)
(3) Was (with adjectives)

A

(1) Had: كان - ما كان
Comes BEFORE verbs. It does not change gender
e.g. كان عندي سيارة

(2) Was: كان; There was/wasn’t: كان في
Comes BEFORE verbs. Doesn’t change with gender
e.g. كان في أكل على الطاولة
e.g. شو كان في بالشنتة

(3) This changes with gender and changes with position in the sentence.
كان - كانت

52
Q

Became

A

صار
صارت

53
Q

Want

A

Although it’s a verb, this is a special case word as it can have pronoun suffixes. It’s treated like an adverb

أنا بدي
أنت بدك
انتو بدكم
هو بده
…

54
Q

Counting rules for flowers, paper, trees

A

Same as fruits and vegetables

55
Q

Was/were with different pronouns

A

أنا كُنت
أنت كُنت/ي
انتو كنتو
هو كان
هي كانَت
هم كانوا
احنا كنا

Don’t pronounce أ in هم

56
Q

Was/were in question forms

A

Where are you? وينك
Where were you? وين كُنت/ي

Don’t get confused with cases where we just use كان

57
Q

Was/were in relation to places

A

Use لمُا
For example, ‘Was he in his house when you were there?’
هو كان في بيته لما إنت كنت هناك؟

58
Q

Became with pronouns

A

أنا صِرت
أنت صِرت/ي
انتو صرتو
هو صار
هي صارت
هم صِاروا
احنا صرنا

59
Q

Whose?
Mine, yours, his…

A

Whose? لمين
Mine إلي/لإلي
Yours لإلك
His لإله
Hers لإلها
Theirs لإلهم
Ours لإلنا

60
Q

Those

A

هدول

61
Q

Like (as a comparator)
E.g. like a cat

A

زي

62
Q

COMPARATIVES: adjectives between two nouns

A

PATTERN: add alef and remove any vowels
NB that the rule applies the SAME, regardless of gender or plurals
Examples:
- Adjective قليل becomes Comparative أقلّ
- Very كتير becomes أكتر

There are a few EXCEPTIONS to the pattern:
(1) We do not apply the pattern to SOME adjectives: more faithful, hardworking, understanding, upset; busier, hungrier. We conjugate these as normal in sentences (i.e. gender, plural applies). Instead, we add أكتر AFTER to denote ‘more’

(2) If و is pronounced ‘w’, we don’t remove

(3) If removing a vowel duplicates letters, you change slightly also: حفيف become أحفّ

(4) If there is a vowel at the end of the adjective, this becomes ى

(5) If starts with م, remove

SENTENCE: when using in sentence, add من
For example, ‘My pen is more expensive than yours’
قلمي أغلى من قلمك
NB: while in English, we compare by using ‘mine’, ‘yours’; in Arabic, we use the full word for the noun AGAIN

63
Q

COMPARATIVES: word for ‘better’ and ‘worse’

A

Better: أحسن
Worse: أسوَأ

64
Q

COMPARATIVES: What to do when comparing pronouns?

A

You can keep it simple and conjugate من
For example: ‘I am better than you’
أنا أحسن منك

65
Q

COMPARATIVES: comparing VERBS

A

We add من ما

For example, ‘He spoke to me more than he spoke to you’
هم حكى معي أكتر من ما حكى معك

66
Q

COMPARATIVES: characterising the comparative (x2)

A

We use كتير and شوي
There are two ways to use them: can put them BEFORE the comparative,
…كتير أرخص من…
OR we can use AFTER, but must use ب،
…أرخص بكتير…

We can use these principles to create the following comparisons too:
- Much more: أكتر بكتير
- Little bit more: أكتر بشوي
- Much less: أول بكتير
- Little bit less: أول بشوي

67
Q

SUPERLATIVES: basic principles

A

The superlative uses the same pattern as comparative.

(1) The noun + The superlative
Your noun and superlative are preceded by ال
For example: ‘The most important thing’: الشي الأهم

(2) Superlative + Noun
There is no preceding ال
For example: أهم شي

68
Q

SUPERLATIVES: how to utilise in a sentence?

A

We use a PRONOUN after the superlative to show that it’s a superlative.

For example,
- ‘The fastest student IS Ahmed’: أسرع طالب هو أحمد
- ‘What is most important in life?’: شو أهم شي بالحياة؟
NB: we can still add ال here, but we would need to switch the order of the superlative and noun around.
The pronoun can be هو، هي، هم depending on context

You can drop the NOUN from the sentence entirely if your subject understands what you’re referring to. But you MUST use ال
For example,
- ‘Fahmane is the most beautiful’: فهمانة هي الأحلى
Here, we have removed the word ‘girl’ or ‘person’
NB: this is the form preferred in asking questions.

69
Q

SUPERLATIVES: use with VERBS

A

Rather than using pronouns to indicate your superlative, you add SUFFIXES to your VERB to indicate the superlative, IF the verb comes AFTER the superlative

For example,
- ‘This is the cleanest table I have FOUND in this place’: هده أنضف طاولة أنا لقيتها في هدا المكان
- ‘Oliver is my tallest student I have ever taught’: أوليفر هو أطول طالب أنا علّمته

70
Q

SUPERLATIVES: how to use when exception applies: Cases where the pattern is omitted e.g. Happy مبسوط - Happier مبسوط أكتر

A

The subject/pronoun sits between the components that make up the superlative, and أكتر comes first.
Remember, the adjective still gets conjugated.

For example,
- The happiest one: أكتر حدا مبسوط
- The happiest girl: أكتر بنت مبسوطة
- The happiest people: أكتر ناس مبسوطين

  • Sami is the most faithful: سلمي هو حدا مخلص
71
Q

Use of كل

A

When PLURAL comes after it, it means ALL
When SINGULAR comes after it, it means EVERY

Arabic 🇵🇸 (20 decks)

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