Grammar Flashcards
1
Q
Yes. Yes there is.
A
Sí. Sí hay.
2
Q
Is there a hotel downtown?
A
¿Hay un hotel en el centro?
3
Q
No. No there aren’t.
A
No. No hay.
4
Q
the tall girls
A
las chicas altas
5
Q
the red pens
A
las plumas rojas
6
Q
the smart girls
A
las chicas inteligentes
7
Q
the popular boys
A
los chicos populares
8
Q
When does an adjective come before the noun?
A
If the adjective is descriptive, but speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken for granted, the adjective comes first.
Ex: la blanca nieve
Ex: los altos picos
9
Q
What time is it?
A
¿Qué hora es?
10
Q
What day is today?
A
¿Qué día es hoy?
11
Q
What’s the date today?
A
¿Qué fecha es hoy?
12
Q
The party is at my house.
A
La fiesta es en mi casa.
*This is an exception to the usual rule that estar is used to express geographic or physical locations. Ser is used when discussing where an event is taking place.
13
Q
John is a doctor.
A
John es médico.
14
Q
The elephants are big.
A
Los elefantes son grandes.
15
Q
The professor is boring.
A
El profesor es aburrido.
16
Q
Do you speak Spanish? (formal)
A
¿Habla Ud. español?
17
Q
Alfredo doesn’t dance either.
A
Alfredo tampoco baila.
18
Q
No vacation to Alaska is complete without a trip to Mt. McKinley.
A
Ningunas vacaciones a Alaska son completas sin una excursión a Mt. McKinley.
19
Q
What is liberty?
A
¿Qué es la libertad?
20
Q
What is the pen made of?
A
¿De qué material es la pluma?
21
Q
What are you-all talking about?
A
¿De qué hablan ustedes?
22
Q
Who are those boys?
A
¿Quiénes son esos chicos?
23
Q
For whom are you looking?
A
¿A quién buscas?
24
Q
To whom are you going to give so many books?
A
¿A quiénes vas a dar tantos libros?
25
With whom am I speaking?
¿Con quién hablo?
26
With whom does Mario study?
¿Con quiénes estudia Mario?
27
Whose hat is that?
¿De quién es aquel sombrero?
28
Whose coins are these?
¿De quiénes son estas monedas?
29
For what purpose do you study Spanish?
¿Para qué estudias español?
30
our
nuestro
31
your pens (informal)
tus plumas
32
Juan is looking for his sister
Juan busca a su hermana.
33
I like my new dress.
Me gusta el vestido nuevo.
+possessive adjectives are not used with articles of clothing
34
My arm hurts.
Me duele el brazo.
+possessive adjectives are not used with body parts
35
we come
venimos
36
we have
tenemos
37
I come
vengo
38
you come
vienes
39
they come
vienen
40
They have to buy a magazine.
Ellos tienen que comprar una revista.
41
It is necessary to take a taxi.
Hay que tomar un taxi.
42
One must study a lot.
Hay que estudiar mucho.
43
It is very hot.
Hace mucho calor.
44
to be hungry
tener hambre
45
to be thirsty
tener sed
46
to be sleepy
tener sueño
47
to hurt or be sore, etc.
tener dolor de
48
to be in a hurry
tener prisa
49
to be afraid of something
tener miedo a/de + noun
50
to be confident
tener confianza
51
to be careful
tener cuidado
52
to be ashamed
tener vergüenza
53
to be right
tener razón
54
to be successful
tener éxito
55
to be lucky
tener suerte
56
to take place
tener lugar
57
to feel like (3)
tener ganas de
antojarse
apetecer
58
to take into account
tener en cuenta
59
What’s the weather like?
¿Qué tiempo hace?
60
It's windy.
Hace viento.
61
It's sunny.
Hace sol.
62
The weather is good.
Hace buen tiempo.
63
The weather is bad.
Hace mal tiempo.
64
It's brisk.
Hace fresco.
65
It's pouring.
Hay lluvias torrenciales.
66
It’s hailing.
Hay granizo.
67
Jorge calls Ana.
Jorge llama a Ana.
+In Spanish, when the direct object is a person, it is preceded by the preposition “a.” This word has no English translation.
68
The woman pets her dog.
La mujer acaricia a su perro.
+The personal “a” may also be used if the direct object is a domesticated animal, especially a pet, provided that the speaker attaches some sort of personal feelings towards the animal.
69
I look at the giraffe.
Miro la jirafa.
+No personal feelings are felt towards the giraffe, so the person "a" is not used.
70
I need a doctor.
Necesito médico.
+If the direct object is an indefinite person (any doctor will do), the personal “a” is not used. The result is that the person becomes “depersonalized.”
71
Are you taking Raul’s brother?
¿Llevas al hermano de Raúl?
72
No, I’m taking Pilar’s sisters.
No, llevo a las hermanas de Pilar.
73
I repeat (present)
repito
74
you repeat (present, informal)
repites
75
we repeat (present)
repetimos
76
they repeat (present)
repiten
77
I ask (present)
pido
78
we ask (present)
pedimos
79
you ask (present, formal)
pide
80
I give (present)
doy
81
they give (present)
dan
82
we give (present)
damos)
83
You have just eaten.
Tú acabas de comer.
84
I just took my sister to her house.
Acabo de llevar a mi hermana a su casa.
85
Christina has just spoken with my mom.
Cristina acaba de conversar con mi mamá.
86
We just read the book.
Nosotros acabamos de leer el libro.
87
They have just swum in the ocean.
Ellos acaban de nadar en el océano.
88
Christina speaks with my mom again.
Cristina vuelve a conversar con mi mamá.
89
I read the book again.
Vuelvo a leer el libro.
90
Monica speaks more slowly than Carmen.
Mónica habla más lentamente que Carmen.
91
I have fewer books than Arsenio.
Tengo menos libros que Arsenio.
92
There are fewer than twenty students in the class.
Hay menos de veinte alumnos en la clase.
93
He is more than ninety years old.
Él tiene más de noventa años.
94
I have more than five dollars.
I only have five dollars.
Tengo más de cinco dólares.
No tengo más que cinco dólares.
95
There are more than twenty students in the class.
There are only twenty students in the class.
Hay más de veinte estudiantes en la clase.
No hay más que veinte estudiantes en la clase.
96
The book is as good as the movie.
El libro es tan bueno como la película.
97
Juan has as much money as Isabel.
Juan tiene tanto dinero como Isabel.
98
He has as much patience as her.
Él tiene tanta paciencia como ella.
99
You (formal) have as many pens as her.
Tiene tantas plumas como ella.
100
Your students learn as much as my students.
Sus estudiantes aprenden tanto como mis estudiantes.
101
Rosario cooks as much as Josefina.
Rosario cocina tanto como Josefina.
102
The oranges cost as much as the apples.
Las naranjas cuestan tanto como las manzanas.
103
The boy plays as little as the girl.
El niño juega tan poco como la niña.
104
They sleep as little as her.
Ellos duermen tan poco como ella.
105
John is the smartest boy in the class.
Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.
106
Sara is the thinnest girl in the class.
Sara es la chica más delgada de la clase.
107
What are the three ways to say the superlative of guapo?
-muy guapo
-sumamente guapo
-guapísimo
108
Why don’t you come with me?
¿Por qué no vienes conmigo?
+Whenever mí follows the preposition con, the two words combine to form conmigo.
109
I’m not going with you, I’m going with them.
No voy contigo, voy con ellos.
+Whenever ti follows the preposition con, the two words combine to form contigo.
110
with him/her
consigo
111
He took the pens with him(self).
Él llevó las plumas consigo.
+Whenever you want to say “with him, with her, with you (formal), with them, with you-all (formal)” there are two possibilities. If the pronoun is referring to the subject of the sentence, use consigo. If the pronoun does not refer to the subject of the sentence, use con + the appropriate pronoun.
112
Juan has the pen. (with direct object pronoun)
Juan la tiene.
113
Juan has the books. (with direct object pronoun)
Juan los tiene.
114
I eat it (the soup).
La como.
115
What are two ways to write: Tenemos dos mesas.
Las tenemos.
Nosotros las tenemos
116
I know you (informal).
Te conozco.
117
She loves him.
Ella lo ama.
118
Juan sees her.
Juan la ve.
119
They call us.
Ellos nos llaman.
120
We call them.
Los llamamos.
121
I don't buy them (the books).
No los compro.
122
I want to see it. (2)
Lo quiero ver.
Quiero verlo.
123
Susana should visit us. (2)
Susana nos debe visitar.
Susana debe visitarnos.
124
Juan needs to wash it. (2)
Juan lo necesita lavar.
Juan necesita lavarlo.
125
Should we buy it? (2)
¿Lo debemos comprar?
¿Debemos comprarlo?
126
Juan doesn't need to wash it. (2)
Juan no lo necesita lavar.
Juan no necesita lavarlo.
127
John buys me a gift.
Juan me compra un regalo.
128
John buys her a gift.
Juan le compra un regalo.
129
John gives me the money.
John me da el dinero.
130
John gives ME the money. (with emphasis)
John me da a mí el dinero.
+a mi is used for emphasis
131
He doesn’t buy me anything.
Él no me compra nada.
132
They don’t buy us any gifts.
Ellos no nos compran ningún regalo.
133
She doesn't write a letter to her parents.
Ella no les escribe a sus padres una carta.
134
Juan must lend us the money.
Juan debe prestarnos el dinero.
135
Alma wants to rent the apartment to Juan.
Alma quiere alquilarle a Juan el apartamento.
136
She sells it to you.
Ella te la vende.
137
I don’t have it for you.
No se lo tengo.
+Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter “l” change the first pronoun to “se.
138
I never buy them for her.
Nunca se los compro.
139
He tells it to him. (to Juan)
Él se lo dice a Juan.
140
She should explain it to me. (2)
Ella me lo debe explicar.
Ella debe explicármelo.
141
I want to tell it to you. (2)
Te lo quiero decir.
Quiero decírtelo.
142
You need to send it to them. (2)
Se la necesitas enviar a ellos.
Necesitas enviársela a ellos.
143
You like the books.
Te gustan los libros.
144
They like the watch.
Les gustan los relojes.
145
He likes the chair.
A él le gusta la silla.
+A el is used for clarification
146
The girl sees it (el edificio).
La chica lo ve.
147
Ways to say:
Juan come dos sándwiches.
Los come.
Juan los come.
148
Ways to say:
Tenemos dos mesas.
Las tenemos.
Nosotros las tenemos.
149
I know you.
Te conozco.
150
She loves him.
Ella lo ama.
151
Juan sees her.
Juan la ve.
152
dying
muriendo
153
sleeping
durmiendo
154
falling
cayendo
155
believing
creyendo
156
escaping
huyendo
157
going
yendo
158
influencing
influyendo
159
listening
oyendo
160
bringing
trayendo
161
reading
leyendo
162
following
siguiendo
163
yo caber (present) (to fit)
yo quepo
164
yo caer (present) (to fall)
yo caigo
165
yo conducir (to drive) (present)
yo conduzco
166
yo escoger (to choose) (present)
yo escojo
167
yo dirigir (to direct) (present)
yo dirijo
168
yo hacer (to do, to make) (present)
yo hago
169
yo poner (to put, to place) (present)
yo pongo
170
yo salir (to leave) (present)
yo salgo
171
yo seguir (to follow) (present)
yo sigo
172
yo traer (to bring) (present)
yo traigo
173
yo valer (to be worth) (present)
yo valgo
174
yo traducir (to translate) (present)
yo traduzco
175
yo crecer (to grow) (present)
yo crezco
176
yo dirigir (to direct) (present)
yo dirijo
177
yo fingir (to pretend) (present)
yo finjo
178
yo distinguir (to distinguish) (present)
yo distingo
179
Juan KNOWS how to drive.
Juan SABE conducir.
180
I don't know how to swim very well.
No sé nadar muy bien.
181
She doesn’t know the words to that song.
Ella no sabe la letra de esa canción.
182
I ask what time it is.
Pregunto qué hora es.
183
142
ciento cuarenta y dos
184
375
trescientos setenta y cinco
185
612
seiscientos doce
186
907
novecientos siete
187
999
novecientos noventa y nueve
188
200 pens
doscientas plumas
189
400 women
cuatrocientas señoras
190
100 dogs
cien perros
191
It's one o'clock.
Es la una.
192
It's two o'clock.
Son las dos.
+The feminine article (la, las) is used before the hour because it refers to “la hora.”
193
It’s five minutes past one.
Es la una y cinco.
194
It’s twelve minutes past three.
Son las tres y doce.
195
It’s five minutes till one.
Es la una menos cinco.
196
It’s twelve minutes till three.
Son las tres menos doce.
197
It’s half past one.
Es la una y media.
198
It’s quarter past two.
Son las dos y cuarto.
199
It’s quarter till three.
Son las tres menos cuarto.
200
The party begins at nine o’clock.
La fiesta empieza a las nueve.
201
The bank opens at half past eight.
El banco abre a las ocho y media.
202
I always read the newspaper in the morning.
Siempre leo el periódico por las mañanas.
203
last year
el año pasado
204
at noon
al mediodía
205
at midnight
a la medianoche
206
on time
a tiempo
207
Two times two equals four.
Dos por dos son cuatro.
208
I go to the restaurant five times per week.
Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana.
209
We walk through the park.
Andamos por el parque.
210
He gave me ten dollars for the book.
Él me dio diez dólares por el libro.
211
I didn’t vote for anyone.
No voté por nadie.
212
One can see the stars during the night.
Se puede ver las estrellas por la noche.
+"por" is used to express an undetermined, or general time, meaning “during”
213
They take me for crazy.
Me tienen por loco.
+"por" is used in cases of mistaken identity, or meaning “to be seen as”
214
I’ll come by for you at eight o’clock.
Paso por ti a las ocho.
+"por" is used to show the reason for an errand (with ir, venir, pasar, mandar, volver, and preguntar)
215
Dinner has yet to be cooked
La cena está por cocinar.
+"por" is used when followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use por + infinitive
216
The man died for lack of water.
El hombre murió por falta de agua.
+"por" is used to express cause or reason
217
I’m in the mood for drinking coffee. (use por or para)
Estoy por tomar café.
+“estar por” means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something
218
The book was written by Octavio Paz.
El libro fue escrito por Octavio Paz.
219
for now
por ahora
220
around there
por allí
221
around here
por aquí
222
by chance
por casualidad
223
therefore (consequently)
por lo tanto
224
at least (2)
por lo menos
al menos
225
as for me (2)
respeto a mí
por mi parte
226
word for word
palabra por palabra
227
for the first time
por primera vez
228
everywhere (3)
en todas partes
por todas partes
por todos lados
229
The man left for Madrid.
El hombre salió para Madrid.
+para is used to indicate destination.
230
The glass is for water.
El vaso es para agua.
+Para is used to show the use or purpose of a thing
231
To make a paella, first brown the meats.
Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes.
dorar
232
I need the dress by Monday.
Necesito el vestido para el lunes.
233
For a child, he reads very well.
Para un niño lee muy bien.
234
to be about to (2)
estar a punto de
estar para
235
the best
el/la mejor
236
better
mejor
237
worse
peor
238
the worst
el/la peor
239
That book over there is the best
Aquel libro es el mejor.
240
older, greater
mayor
241
the oldest, the greatest
el/la mayor
242
younger, less
menor
243
the youngest, the least
el/la menor
244
That house over there is the biggest.
Aquella casa es la más grande.
245
Rosa is the oldest of the family.
Rosa es la mayor de la familia.
246
Juan is younger than Ana.
Juan es menor que Ana.
247
this
este, esta, estes, estas
248
that (thing)
ese, esa, esos, esas
249
this (abstract matter)
esto
250
that (abstract matter)
eso
251
I haven’t studied Spanish for a year.
Hace un año que no estudio español.
252
They haven’t studied English for two years.
Hace dos años que ellas no estudian inglés.
253
I have been studying Spanish for one year. (2)
Estudio español desde hace un año.
Hace un año que estudio español.
254
They have not studied English for two years.
Ellas no estudian inglés desde hace dos años.
255
Mine is red. (el carro)
El mío es rojo.
256
Yours is small. (the book) (informal)
El tuyo es pequeño.
257
The small car is hers. (formal)
El carro pequeño es suyo.
258
The big cars are theirs. (2 options depending on how specific you want to be)
Los carros grandes son suyos.
Los carros grandes son de ellas.
259
The small houses are theirs. (2 options depending on how specific you want to be)
Las casas pequeñas son suyas.
Las casas pequeñas son de ellos.
260
you (informal) wash yourself
tú te lavas
261
he washes (himself)
él se lava
262
we wash (ourselves)
nosotros nos lavamos
263
Juan washes his face.
Juan se lava la cara.
+When referring to body parts, use the definite article, thus “la cara” not “su cara.”
264
Definitions of:
quitar
quitarse
quitar: to take away
quitarse: to take off
265
Definitions of:
probar
probarse
probar: to try, to taste
probarse: to try on
266
definitions of:
poner
ponerse
poner: to put
ponerse: to put on
267
definitions of:
parecer
parecerse a
parecer: to seem like
parecerse a: to resemble
268
definitions of:
negar
negarse a
negar: to deny
negarse a: to refuse
269
definitions of:
ir
irse
ir: to go
irse: to go away, to leave
270
definitions of:
dormir
dormirse
dormir: to sleep
dormirse: to fall asleep
271
definitions of:
despedir
despedirse
despedir: to fire
despedirse de: to say goodbye
272
definitions of:
casar
casarse con
casar: to perform a marriage ceremony
casarse con: to become married to someone
273
definitions of:
acostar
acostarse
acostar: to put to bed
acostarse: to go to bed
274
definitions of:
acordar
acordarse de
acordar: to agree
acordarse de: to remember
275
feminine singular nouns that begin with an emphasized a or ha use the masculine form of the article.
el agua
el hacha
el hambre
el águila
276
plural nouns that begin with an emphasized a or ha use the feminine article
el agua
las aguas
el hacha
las hachas
el hambre
las hambres
el águila
las águilas
277
Jose washes his clothes.
Jose lava la ropa. (not “su” ropa)
+The definite article is often used in place of the possessive adjective when talking about parts of the body, or possessions that might be considered “personal.”
278
They arrived at eight o’clock.
Ellos llegaron a las ocho.
279
She got up, dressed, and left the house.
Ella se levantó, se vistió, y salió de la casa.
280
It began to snow at eight in the morning.
Empezó a nevar a las ocho de la mañana.
281
We would lunch together every day.
Almorzábamos juntos todos los días.
282
The ladies would always chat in the mornings.
Las señoras siempre charlaban por las mañanas.
283
I was reading when my papa entered.
Yo leía cuando entró mi papá.
284
It was seven o’clock at night.
Eran las siete de la noche.
285
The little girl was five years old.
La niña tenía cinco años.
286
yesterday morning
ayer por la mañana
287
When do you use subjunctive?
to express:
desires
doubts
wishes
maybe and perhaps
emotions
possibilities
impersonal opinions
288
I want you to clean the bathroom.
Yo quiero que tú LIMPIES el baño.
289
We hope that you cook well.
Esperamos que COCINES bien.
290
It makes me happy that you smile.
Me alegro de que sonrías.
291
It is necessary that Jaime read this book.
Es necesario que Jaime LEA este libro.
292
My doctor recommends I drink more water.
Mi doctor RECOMIENDA que beba más agua.
293
I doubt that he has my phone number.
Dudo que él TENGA mi número de teléfono.
294
I hope to God he remembers our anniversary.
¡Ojalá que RECUERDE nuestro aniversario!
295
I think you're going to like this song.
Creo que te VA a gustar esta canción.
296
I don't think you're going to like this song.
No creo que te VAYA a gustar esta canción.
+subjunctive is used when an indicative verb is negated.
297
I am not sure that my mother is coming.
No estoy seguro que mi madre VENGA.
298
I doubt I can go to the party.
Dudo que yo PUEDA ir a la fiesta.
299
Most subjunctive sentences have two verbs: a verb in the indicative in the main clause and a verb in the subjunctive in the secondary clause.
o
300
I'm surprised you think that.
Me sorprende que PIENSES eso.
301
It's clear that they get along very well.
Es claro que se caen muy bien.
+Use indicative here.
302
When you’re home, call your grandma.
Cuando estés en casa, llama a tu abuela.
+Use subjunctive here because being at home later is not certain.
303
I want you to read me a book.
Yo quiero que me leas un libro.
304
I love that you cook for me.
Me encanta que COCINES para mí. (subjunctive because this expresses emotion)
305
It’s good that he can swim.
Es bueno que SEPA nadar. (subjunctive because it is an opinion)
306
I recommend that you study more.
Te recomiendo que ESTUDIES más. (subjunctive because it is a recommendation)
307
Hopefully, it will rain this afternoon.
Ojalá LLUEVA por la tarde. (subjunctive because it is a wish)
308
Study so that you’re prepared.
Estudia para que estés preparado.
309
Call me when you get here.
Llámame cuando LLEGUES.
+subjunctive because it expresses some uncertainty
310
He always calls me when he gets here.
Siempre me llama cuando llega.
+subjunctive is not used because this is a habitual action
311
I hope you leave tomorrow
Espero que te VAYAS mañana.
312
I'm looking for a house that has three bathrooms.
Busco una casa que TENGA tres baños.
313
It’s strange that you live in your mom’s basement.
Es extraño que VIVAS en el sótano de tu madre.
314
I want you to come to the cinema with me.
Quiero que vengas al cine conmigo.
315
I hope you are fine
Espero que estés bien.
316
I will eat as soon as he arrives.
Comeré tan pronto como llegue.
317
Maybe he is at home.
Tal vez esté en casa.
318
What is a good way to see if you should use the imperfect tense?
Substitute one of the following
-was/were …ing
-used to …
-would (meaning used to) …
319
I liked the car.
Me gustaba el carro.
320
Have you tried drinking more water?
Has intentado tomar más agua?
321
What if you don't tell her the truth?
Y si no le dices la verdad?
322
Why don't you get a job?
Por qué tú no consigues un trabajo?
323
If I were you...
Si yo fuera tú...
324
I would recommend that you take the train.
Te recomendaría que tomaras el tren.
325
You should clean the house before your parents get home.
Deberías limpiar la casa antes de que regresen tus padres.
326
You ought to help the new student out.
Deberían echarle una mano al nuevo estudiante.
327
You could try to be a little more friendly.
Podrías intentar ser un poco más amable.
328
given that
dado que
329
as if
como si
330
without
(connecting phrase that must be followed by the subjunctive)
sin que
331
even if (3)
aunque
incluso si
aun si
332
unless
a menos que
333
as long as (3)
siempre que
siempre y cuando
con tal de que
334
Whenever… (2)
Siempre que…
Cada vez que…
335
so that (2)
para que
a fin de que
336
above all (2)
sobre todo
ante todo
337
by the way (2)
a propósito
por cierto
338
What is the formula for implying that something happened by accident or unintentionally?
se + indirect object pronoun + conjugated verb + noun
339
I dropped my phone in the water (by accident).
Se me cayó el teléfono en el agua
340
He forgot his homework (by accident)
(A él) Se le olvidó la tarea
341
I forgot to buy the milk (by accident).
Se me olvidó comprar la leche.
342
Your pants broke (by accident)!
Se te rompió el pantalón!
343
He left his lunch at home (by accident)
Se le quedó el almuerzo en casa
344
My shoes got dirty (by accident),
Se me ensuciaron los zapatos
345
They ran out of wine at the restaurant (by accident)
Se les acabó el vino al restaurante
346
We burned the cake (by accident)
Se nos quemó el pastel
347
She lost his cell phone (by accident)
Se le perdió su celular
348
We forgot to call you when we arrived (by accident)
Se nos olvidó llamarte cuando llegamos
349
I broke the vase (by accident).
Se me rompió el florero.
350
He broke the glasses (by accident).
Se le rompieron los vasos.
351
I (accidentally) spilled coffee on my book.
Se me derramó el café en mi libro.
352
My mother not only knows how to cook, but also how to bake.
Mi madre no sólo sabe cocinar sino también sabe hacer pasteles.
353
since (reason) (2)
ya que
como
354
even (still) (3)
aún
incluso
todavía
355
The boy spoke to him clearly and courteously.
El chico le habló clara y cortésmente.
356
Juan works slowly and carefully.
Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente.
357
The book that I finished last night is very long.
El libro que terminé anoche es muy extenso.
358
The house (that) we bought is new.
La casa que compramos es nueva.
+The relative pronoun is often omitted in English, but it is never omitted in Spanish.
359
The show (that) I was watching was comical.
El programa que miraba era cómico.
+The relative pronoun is often omitted in English, but it is never omitted in Spanish.
360
He who studies hard earns good grades.
Quien estudia bastante, gana buenas notas.
361
The girl, with whom I went to the movies, is my girlfriend.
La chica, con quien fui al cine, es mi novia.
362
The boys, with whom we went to the beach, are our friends.
Los chicos, con quienes fuimos a la playa, son nuestros amigos.
363
The book I’m thinking of is long, not short.
El libro en que pienso es extenso, no es corto.
364
My father is the person I’m sending the letter to.
Mi padre es la persona a quien envío la carta.
365
The tables, the ones that are made of plastic, are cheap.
Las mesas, las que son de plástico, son baratas.
366
My uncle, the one who is a taxi driver, will arrive soon.
Mi tío, el que es taxista, llegará pronto.
367
My pants, the ones that are old, are very comfortable.
Mis pantalones, los que son viejos, son muy cómodos.
368
That which you want does not exist.
Lo que quieres no existe.
+When the relative pronoun refers to an abstract idea, use “lo que.”
369
I do not understand that which is happening.
No comprendo lo que ocurre.
370
The man, whose mother died, wrote her biography.
El hombre, cuya madre murió, escribió su biografía.
+Cuya agrees in gender and amount with the possessed thing or person.
371
Pedro, whose sisters are beautiful, is my friend.
Pedro, cuyas hermanas son guapas, es mi amigo.
+Cuyas agrees in gender and amount with the possessed thing or person.
372
The man whose scarf is red is my father.
El hombre cuya bufanda es roja es mi padre.
+Cuya agrees in gender and amount with the possessed thing or person.
373
The woman whose children are cooks has just arrived.
La mujer cuyos hijos son cocineros acaba de llegar.
+Cuyos agrees in gender and amount with the possessed thing or person.
374
That plane, which engine is not working, is big.
Ese avión cuyo motor no sirve, es grande.
+Cuyo agrees in gender and amount with the possessed thing or person.
375
A leader, whose name I don't know, did it.
Un líder, cuyo nombre no sé, lo hizo.
+Cuyo agrees in gender and amount with the possessed thing or person.
376
Several corpses were found in the woods
Varios cadáveres fueron encontrados en el bosque
377
All the emails were sent.
Todos los correos electrónicos fueron enviados
378
Her diamond was stolen last night
Su diamante fue robado anoche
379
Latin America is visited by hundreds of tourists every month.
Latinoamérica es visitada mensualmente por cientos de turistas
380
The chocolate and vanilla cookies were made by Claudia last night
Las galletas de chocolate y vainilla fueron hechas anoche por Claudia
381
The TV will be repaired by Tomás tomorrow
El televisor será reparado mañana por Tomás
382
Many books of Stephen King were read by Luís
Muchos libros de Stephen King eran leídos por Luís
383
The suspect had been seen by the boys in the crime scene
El sospechoso había sido visto en la escena del crimen por los chicos
384
This beer is sold in boxes containing 100 units
Esta cerveza se vende en cajas de 100 unidades
385
Bilingual translators are requested
Se solicitan traductores bilingües
386
Spanish is spoken in many cities around the world
Se habla español en muchas ciudades alrededor del mundo
387
It is recommended to participate actively in the first class
Se recomienda participar activamente en la primera clase
388
It is suggested to take two pills every morning
Se sugiere tomar 2 pastillas cada mañana
389
The pizza was cooked by my mother.
La pizza fue cocida por mi madre.
390
Mi friend Pepa, who lives in Australia, is coming to visit me next month.
Mi amiga Pepa, que/quien vive en Australia, viene a visitarme el mes que viene.
391
Can you tell us stories about the cultural traditions that you celebrate in your family?
Nos puedes contar historias sobre las tradiciones culturales que celebras en tu familia?
392
I usually sing. (without usualmente)
Suelo cantar.
393
He normally swims. (without usualmente)
Suele nadar.
394
I used to run.
Solía correr.
395
They usually eat at 2pm.
Ellos suelen comer a las 2 de la tarde.
396
I usually go to the gym in the mornings.
Suelo ir al gimnasio por las mañanas.
397
It usually rains in Spring.
En primavera suele llover.
398
They usually charge for parking.
Suelen cobrar por aparcar.
399
I am used to (accustomed to) getting up early. (2)
Estoy acostumbrado a levantarme pronto.
Suelo levantarme pronto.
400
I’m used to brushing my teeth 3 times a day
Yo suelo cepillar mis dientes 3 veces al día
401
The bus usually arrives at the stop every 20 minutes
El bus suele llegar a la parada cada 20 minutos
402
Do you usually drink coffee before breakfast? (soler)
¿Sueles tomar café antes de desayunar?
403
Manuel starts shouting when you (formal) don't listen to him. [c]
Manuel comienza a gritar cuando no lo escuchas.
[empezar/comenzar a + infinitivo]
404
We will start studying German next week. [e]
Nosotros empezaremos a estudiar alemán la semana que viene.
[empezar/comenzar a + infinitivo]
405
They started building the houses yesterday. [c]
Ellos comenzaron a construir las casas ayer.
[empezar/comenzar a + infinitivo]
406
The teacher began by introducing herself [c]
La maestra comenzó por presentarse.
407
To start with, I want to thank everybody for coming!
¡Para comenzar, quiero agradecer a todos por venir!
408
It started/began to rain two hours ago.
Empezó/Comenzó a llover hace dos horas.
409
The party starts/begins at 8.
La fiesta empieza/comienza a las 8.
410
How long have you been playing piano?
¿Hace cuánto tiempo tocas el piano?
411
when and where did it happen?
¿Cuándo y dónde ocurrió?
412
What is it made of?
De qué está hecho?
413
How often?
Con qué frecuencia?
414
Don’t buy it for me.
No me lo compre.
415
Don’t bring them to her.
No se las traiga.
416
They called my mother.
Llamaron a mi mamá.
417
They called her.
La llamaron.
418
Sandra threw it (pelota).
Sandra la tiró.
419
The boys read them (libros).
Los niños los leen.
420
My mom is buying me a pizza.
Mi madre está comprándome una pizza.
421
I don’t want to tell you the truth.
No quiero decirte la verdad.
422
I don’t want to tell it to you.
No quiero decírtela.
423
My grandfather bought gifts for the children.
Mi abuelo les compró los regalos a los niños.
424
My grandfather bought them (regalos) for them.
Mi abuelo se los compró.
425
I lost my wallet, but I found it later.
Yo perdí mi billetera pero la encontré después
426
Did you see the toys? We couldn’t find them
¿Viste los juguetes? No los encontramos
427
I have the keys. I found them in the kitchen.
Tengo las llaves. Las encontré en la cocina
428
The car broke down
El carro se dañó.
429
Have you sent me the letter?
¿Me has mandado la carta?
430
I give him/her/formal you a kiss.
Yo le doy un beso.
431
Our mother tells us a story.
Nuestra madre nos cuenta un cuento.
432
We bring drinks to them/formal plural you.
Nosotros les llevamos bebidas.
433
I say it to you.
Yo te lo digo.
434
¿Sabes la respuesta a esta pregunta?
No, I don’t know it. -->
No, no la sé.
435
¿Has puesto las tijeras sobre la mesa?
Yes, I’ve put them there.-->
Sí, las he puesto ahí.
436
I have sent you the letter.
Yo te he mandado la carta.
437
Luis buys her a present.
Luis le compra un regalo.
438
He gives me the pencil.
Él me da el lápiz.
439
I tell them a story.
Yo les cuento una historia.
440
¿Me has mandado el correo?
Yes, I have sent it to you.-->
Sí, te lo he mandado.
441
¿Quieres contarles la historia?
Yes, I want to tell it to them. -->
Sí, quiero contársela.
442
Formal command for Dar
dé, den
443
Formal command for Estar
esté, estén
444
Formal command for Ir
vaya, vayan
445
Formal command for Ser
sea, sean
446
Formal command for Saber
sepa, sepan
447
Familiar command for Decir
di
448
Familiar command for Salir
sal
449
Familiar command for Hacer
haz
450
Familiar command for Ser
sé
451
Familiar command for Ir
ve
452
Familiar command for Tener
ten
453
Familiar command for Poner
pon
454
Familiar command for Venir
ven
455
Let’s eat there. (no vamos)
Comamos allí.
456
Let’s count the money.(no vamos)
Contemos el dinero.
457
Let’s not eat there. (no vamos)
No comamos allí.
458
Let’s not count the money. (no vamos)
No contemos el dinero.
459
Let’s go now.
Vamos ahora.
460
Let’s not go to the store. (no vamos)
No vayamos a la tienda.
461
Let’s sit down. (us) (no vamos)
Sentémonos.
462
Let’s write it to them. (no vamos)
Escribámosela.
463
Let’s not sit down. (no vamos)
No nos sentemos.
464
Let’s not write it to them. (no vamos)
No se la escribamos.
465
Let Ana come in.
Que entre Ana.
466
Have them come at four o’clock.
Que vengan a las cuatro.
467
I want you to do it.
Que lo hagas tú.
468
May you live forever.
Que vivas para siempre.
469
Don’t let them in now.
Que no entren ellos ahora.
470
Have Sara put on the black dress.
Que se ponga Sara el vestido negro.
471
Will you go to the store?
¿Quieres ir a la tienda?
+The future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something. For this, use the verb “querer.”
472
I wonder who she is?
¿Quién será ella?
+The future tense is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state.
473
He is probably traveling alone.
Estará viajando solo.
+The future tense is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state.
474
What is the typical reason to use ir + a OR future tense?
For actions that will occur in the near future, the present tense is more commonly used. Further in the future, use the future tense.
Esta noche voy al cine.
El año que viene iré a España.
475
future tense yo caber
yo cabré
476
future tense yo poner
yo pondré
477
future tense yo decir
yo diré
478
future tense yo haber
yo habré
479
future tense yo salir
yo saldré
480
future tense yo hacer
yo haré
481
future tense yo poder
yo podré
482
future tense yo tener
yo tendré
483
future tense yo querer
yo querré
484
future tense yo valer
yo valdré
485
future tense yo saber
yo sabré
486
future tense yo venir
yo vendré
487
The house was built by the carpenters.
La casa fue construida por los carpinteros.
488
The store is opened every day by the owner.
La tienda es abierta todos los días por el dueño.
489
The bills are paid.
Las cuentas están pagadas.
490
I have paid the bill.
He pagado la cuenta.
491
Juan has paid the bills.
Juan ha pagado las cuentas.
492
Juan and Ana have traveled to Spain.
Juan y Ana han viajado a España.
493
When is the present perfect tense e.g., (he estado) used?
The present perfect tense is frequently used for past actions that continue into the present, or continue to affect the present.
He estado dos semanas en Madrid.
Diego ha sido mi amigo por veinte años.
494
They have already eaten.
Ya han comido.
495
The maid has already cleaned the house.
La empleada ya ha limpiado la casa.
496
Pablo has given a lot of money to his sister.
Pablo le ha dado mucho dinero a su hermana.
497
Pablo has not given a lot of money to his sister.
Pablo no le ha dado mucho dinero a su hermana.
498
I have brushed my teeth.
Me he cepillado los dientes
499
Have you ever tried chocolate?
¿Has probado el chocolate alguna vez?
500
Haven’t the women left yet?
¿No han salido ya las mujeres?
501
Juan had opened the doors.
Juan había abierto las puertas.
502
Juan and Ana had put a lot of money in the bank.
Juan y Ana habían puesto mucho dinero en el banco.
503
When the parents arrived, the children had already eaten.
Cuando llegaron los padres, los niños ya habían comido.
504
I had eaten prior to calling them.
Yo había comido antes de llamarles.
505
Juan had closed the window before leaving.
Juan había cerrado la ventana antes de salir.
506
Pablo had not given a lot of money to his sister.
Pablo no le había dado mucho dinero a su hermana.
507
I had washed my hands.
Me había lavado las manos.
508
Had you tried the dessert yet?
¿Habías probado ya el postre?
509
Hadn’t the girls arrived yet?
¿No habían llegado ya las chicas?
510
I will have written the book before the new year.
Habré escrito el libro antes del año nuevo.
511
Will you have bought a house in a year?
¿Habrás comprado una casa en un año?
512
He will have paid all the debt by October 2.
Habrá pagado todas las deudas para el dos de octubre.
513
We will have returned from Spain by June 12.
Habremos vuelto de España para el doce de junio.
514
Pablo will have given a gift to his wife.
Pablo le habrá dado un regalo a su esposa.
515
I will not have washed my hands.
No me habré lavado las manos.
516
Will you have already eaten?
¿Habrás comido ya?
517
That day they must have run more than 25 kilometers.
Aquél día correrían más de veinticinco kilómetros.
+Conditional is used to express speculation about the past
518
I knew that they would open the store at seven o’clock.
Yo sabía que abrirían la tienda a las siete.
519
It would be interesting to study Chinese.
Sería interesante estudiar chino.
520
I would travel but I don’t have money.
Yo viajaría pero no tengo dinero.
521
He must have been at home.
Estaría en su casa.
522
We were probably busy when you called.
Estaríamos ocupados cuando llamaste.
+The conditional is used to express probability with regards to a past action
523
Juan said that he would finish the work.
Juan dijo que terminaría el trabajo.
524
If I had time, I would go to the movies tonight.
Si yo tuviera tiempo, iría al cine esta noche.
525
What time could it have been?
¿Qué hora sería?
526
It was probably five o’clock.
Serían las cinco.
+The conditional is used to express probability with regards to a past action
527
Juan says that he will finish the work.
Juan dice que terminará el trabajo.
528
It was interesting that Jorge would read to me the news.
Era interesante que Jorge me leyera las noticias.
529
I would buy a new car if I had the money.
Compraría un coche nuevo si tuviera dinero.
530
I wanted him to write me.
Quise que (él) me escribiera.
531
I wanted my son to write me every day.
Quería que mi hijo me escribiera cada día.
532
I would like my son to write me during his trip.
Querría que mi hijo me escribiera durante su viaje.
533
It does not seem fine to me that he arrived with her.
No me gusta que (él) llegara con ella.
534
It’s good that you all arrived together.
Es bueno que Uds. vinieran juntos.
535
It’s obvious that he would have wanted to have a girlfriend.
Es obvio que (él) quisiera haber tenido novia.
536
You should offer help to him/her.
Tú debieras ofrecerle ayuda.
537
If I had more money, I would travel around the whole world.
Si tuviera más dinero, viajaría por todo el mundo.
538
If I were you, I wouldn’t do it.
Si yo fuera tú, no lo haría.
539
I wanted you to come to my party.
Quería que vinieras/vinieses a mi fiesta.
540
I was scared it wouldn't rain.
Tenía miedo de que no lloviera/lloviese.
541
It's good that he got married.
Es bueno que él se casara/casase.
542
It doesn't seem to me that the journey was long.
No me parece que el viaje fuera/fuese largo.
543
I wish it were snowing in Panama.
Ojalá que nevara/nevase en Panamá.
+It's common to see ojalá or ojalá que used with the imperfect subjunctive to express the idea of hoping for something that is unlikely to happen or is impossible.
544
I wish my brother were getting married.
Ojalá mi hermano se casara/casase.
+It's common to see ojalá or ojalá que used with the imperfect subjunctive to express the idea of hoping for something that is unlikely to happen or is impossible.
545
I would paint more often if I had more time.
Pintaría más seguido si tuviera/tuviese más tiempo.
546
I was looking for a house that had a pool.
Buscaba una casa que tuviera/tuviese una piscina.
547
I didn’t know anyone who lived in Buenos Aires.
No conocía a nadie que viviera/viviese en Buenos Aires.
548
Louis is arriving at the gate.
Louis llega a la puerta.
549
Tomorrow, I will discuss the plan at the meeting.
Mañana discuto el plan con ustedes en la reunión.
*present tense can be used when discussing something in the near future when there is a reference to the future (mañana, este verano)
550
I will travel to Germany this summer.
Este verano, viajo a Alemania.
*present tense can be used when discussing something in the near future when there is a reference to the future (mañana, este verano)
551
Shall I open the door?
¿Abro la puerta?
552
He drew the gun and nearly killed me.
Sacó la pistola y casi me mata.
* present tense is used to refer to possible consequences from an action that took place in the past.
553
We have been waiting for an answer for three years.
Hace tres años que esperamos una respuesta.
554
He is dead.
Está muerto.
*shows that even though death is permanent, estar is used
555
Before, Rosa used to be a redhead. Now she is a blond.
Antes, Rosa era pelirroja. Ahora, es rubia.
*characteristics of physical appearance or personality use ser even when they change.
556
The session is cancelled.
La sesión está cancelada.
557
Luisa is an engineer, but now she is a server at a fancy restaurant.
Luisa es ingeniera pero ahora está de camarera en un restaurante muy fino.
*estar de is used to indicate a temporary situation
558
We agree with Ana.
Estamos de acuerdo con Ana.
559
I am about to leave.
Estoy para salir.
560
They are all back.
Todos están de vuelta.
561
I hope he passed the exam.
Espero que él haya pasado el examen.
562
I don't remember her (2 r &a)
No la recuerdo.
No me acuerdo de ella.
563
He dreams of flying.
Sueña con volar.
* We use infinitives after prepositions.
564
I have just finished working.
Acabo de terminar de trabajar.
* We use infinitives after prepositions.
565
perder:
perderse:
perder: to lose
perderse: to get lost
566
referir:
referirse:
referir: to refer
referirse: to concern
567
reunir:
reunirse:
reunir: to collect
reunirse: to assemble
568
The important thing is that…
Lo importante es que…
569
The worst thing is that…
Lo peor es que…
570
The best thing is that…
Lo mejor es que…
571
The good thing is that…
Lo bueno es que…
572
They love each other a lot.
Se quieren mucho.
573
It’s difficult to remember.
Es difícil recordar.
574
It’s easy to learn English.
Es fácil aprender inglés.
575
It’s complicated to understand native speakers.
Es complicado entender a los nativos.
576
I didn’t realize that you were here.
No me di cuenta de que estabas aquí.
577
It is important to you.
Es importante para ti.
* use ti when it is the object of a preposition.
