Grammar

Question 1

TYPES OF PLURALS

Answer 1

As a general rule:

• masculine words ending in ā become e
• masculine words ending in a consonant or ī stay the same or become ओं
• feminine words ending in i, ī or iyā become इयाँ
• feminine words ending in ā or consonant become word + एँ

In the case of nouns with mixed genders, verbs will take masculine if it is two people, and will take the gender of the closest noun if two inanimate objects

Question 2

POSTPOSITIONS

1. By (transport)
2. By means of/through
3. By (up until)
4. For
5. From
6. Of
7. In
8. On
9. At
10. To (direction)
11. To (object)
12. To (speaking)
13. About (in reference to)
14. By (at the side of)
15. (Together) with
16. Through (by means of)
17. After
18. Towards
19. According to
20. During
21. Among
22. Behind
23. Inside
24. In front of
25. On top of
26. Beneath/below/under
27. Before
28. Near
29. Outside
30. At the place of
31. Facing, opposite
32. Like

Answer 2

All proceed the oblique case (see obliques)

1. से
2. के माध्यम से
3. तक
4. के लिए
5. से
6. का / की / के (agrees with object)
7. में
8. पर
9. को
10. के पास (literally near) OR में
11. को
12. से
13. के बारे में
14. के किनारे
15. के साथ
16. के द्वारा
17. के बाद with verb in ने form
18. की ओर / की तरफ़
19. के अनुसार
20. के दौरान
21. के बीच
22. के पीछे
23. के तरफ़
24. के आगे
25. के ऊपर
26. के नीचे
27. के / से पहले
28. के पास
29. के बाहर
30. के यहाँ
31. के सामने
32. की तरह

Question 3

USES OF तो

Answer 3

• as a conjuction meaning ‘so’
  e. g. तो क्या दुकान बंद है so is the shop closed?

तो तुम लंदन से हो so you’re from London?

OR

Used after a word for emphasis

कल वह तो घर पर था yesterday HE was at home

Question 4

COMPARISONS

Answer 4

से

E.g. ऋषि संगीता से लंबा है (Rishi is taller than Sangeeta)

More = ज़्यादा (adj)
Less = कम (adj)

To form a superlative say सब से

E.g. मैं सब से लंबी है (I am the tallest)

Question 5

HOW TO FORM IMPERATIVES

Answer 5

To form an imperative, in general remove ना from the infinitive and add ओ.

E.g. करना becomes करो

In the case of an informal address, you can remove the ना without adding ओ.

E.g. बैठना becomes बैठ

In the case of a formal address, add एं or इए.

E.g. देखें or आइए

These don’t change in the plural or feminine.

Question 6

USES OF को

Answer 6

In general, used to mark an indirect object.

E.g. राम राजको खाना देता है Ram gives the food to Raj

Sometimes used to mark direct object if that object has the sense of ‘the’ in front of it.

E.g. पानी को पियो Drink the water

Direct objects involving something that has already been mentioned use को

E.g. इसको पढ़ो Read it

Almost always used when referring to a person.

E.g. रामको मत मारना don’t hit Chotu

Question 7

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
(all adjectives and agree with nouns)

1. My/mine
2. Your/yours
3. His/her/its/its/of this
4. His/her/its/of that
5. Our/ours
6. Your/yours (formal)
7. Your/yours (very formal)
8. Their/theirs/of these
9. Their/theirs/of those
10. Whose? (sg.)
11. Whose? (pl.)

Answer 7

१ मेरा
२ तेरा
३ इसका
४ उसका
५ हमारा
६ तुम्हारा
७ आपका
८ इनका
९ उनका
१० किसका
११ किनका