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ECPE > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

SO THAT + …

A

SO THAT + sentence

I study hard so that I CAN LEARN A LOT

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2
Q

SO AS TO +…

A

SO AS TO + VERB

I study hard so as to LEARN A LOT

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3
Q

SUSH + ___ + ADJ ___ + SUBST

A

SUSH + A/AN + ADJ + SUBST

She is sush a tall girl

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4
Q

SO + ___ + ADJ ___ + SUBST

A

SO + ADJ + A/AN + SUBST

She is so tall a girl

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5
Q

ALTHOUGH
EVEN THOUGH + ……
THOUGH

A

ALTHOUGH
EVEN THOUGH + clause (subject + verb)
THOUGH

Although I like chocolate, I don’t eat it everyday.

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6
Q

DESPITE + ……

IN SPITE OF

A

DESPITE + verb gerund (-ing) or noun
IN SPITE OF

Despite being tired, she is going to go out
In spite of the fact that she is tired, she is going to go out.

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7
Q

Conditionals

TYPE 1: Future idea

A

Conditionals

TYPE 1: Future idea
If + SIMPLE PRESENT , WILL verb
If we drink a lot, we will feel bad.

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8
Q

Conditionals

TYPE 2: Present idea

A

Conditionals

TYPE 2: Present idea
If + SIMPLE PAST , WOULD verb
If we drank a lot, we would feel bad.

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9
Q

Conditionals

TYPE 3: Past idea

A

Conditionals

TYPE 3: Past idea
If + HAD 3ª list , WOULD HAVE 3ª list
If we had drunk a lot, we would have felt bad.

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10
Q

Conditionals

TYPE 4: Past action with a present consequence

A

Conditionals

TYPE 4: Past action with a present consequence
- If + HAD 3ª list , WOULD verb
If we had drunk a lot (past idea), we would be feeling bad now (present idea).
- If + SIMPLE PAST, WOULD HAVE 3ª LIST
If I didn’t earn well (present idea), I wouldn’t have traveled abroad last year (past idea).

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11
Q

Passive voice:

A

VERB TO BE + 3ª LIST + BY…

They clean the room - The room is cleaned by them

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12
Q

Passive voice - exception

A

MAKE

(+) MAKE SMONE DO STH
I make people learn

(PV) VERB TO BE + 3ª list + TO do sth
People are made to learn

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13
Q

Provided
Providing =
As long as

A

ONLY IF

He can join us, provided he behaves himself.

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14
Q

UNLESS =

A

EXCEPT IF

I won’t call you, unless there are any problems

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15
Q

AS THOUGH =

A

AS IF

She behaves as thought she were a queen

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16
Q

Past habit or present habit?
BE USED TO
USED TO

A

Past habit or present habit?
BE USED TO -> present habit
USED TO -> past habit

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17
Q

Past habit: USED TO + ___

A

Past habit: USED TO + infinitive

I used to smoke (but I do not anymore)

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18
Q

Present habit: BE USED TO + ___

A

Present habit: BE USED TO + ING

I am used to waking up early

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19
Q

To GET USED TO + ___

A

To GET USED TO + ING

I will get used to working out everyday

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20
Q

SAY X TELL

A

Say - not followed by the person the words were spoken to
He said he loved her.
Tell - followed by the person the words were spoken to.
He told me he loved her

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21
Q

Reported speech
1- “ Who runs this factory?”
2 - “What time is it?”
3- “Where did he go?”

A

1- She asked who ran that factory
2- She asked what time it was
3 - She asked where he had gone

Obs.: 1) put in the past 2) chance to S + VERB

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22
Q

HAB BETTER + INF -> meaning?

A

HAD BETTER: suggestion, advice
You had better go to the doctor
You had better not go to the doctor

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23
Q

WOULD RATHER + INF -> meaning?

A

WOULD RATHER: preference
I would rather stay home
I would rather not stay home

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24
Q

Causative form: HAVE / GET

A

HAVE / GET + object + VERB 3ª LIST
We have dinner cooked
We get dinner cooked

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25
Q

Causative form: -

“ We have/get dinner cooked”

A

We don’t have dinner cooked

We didn’t have dinner cooked

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26
Q

Causative form: ?

“ We have/get dinner cooked”

A

Do we have dinner cooked?

Did we have dinner cooked?

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27
Q

Causative form: inversion

“ We have/get dinner cooked”

A

Seldom do we have / get dinner cooked

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28
Q

Causative form: with AGENT

“ We have/get the house cleaned” agent: husband

A

We will have my husband clean the house.

We will get my husband TO clean the house.

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29
Q

HAVE + agent + INF + obj -> meaning?

GET + agent + TO + INF + obje -> meaning?

A

HAVE + agent + INF + obj -> ASK sb to do sth

GET + agent + TO + INF + obje -> PERSUADE sb to do sth

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30
Q

ALLOW + ___

A

ALLOW sb TO do sth

I allow John to clean the house

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31
Q

LET / MAKE + ____

A

LET / MAKE sb DO sth

I make John clean the house
I let John clean the house

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32
Q

MAKE and PASSIVE VOICE

“ We are going to MAKE the carpenter replace”

A 
MAKE and PASSIVE VOICE  -> EXCEPTION 
(+) make + someone + DO sth 
       I make people learn 
(PV) verb to be + 3ª list + TO DO sth 
       People are made TO learn

“ We are going to MAKE the carpenter replace”
“ The carpenter is going to BE made TO replace”

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33
Q

NO SONNER ….

AS SOON …

A

NO SONNER ….THAN

AS SOON …. AS

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34
Q

is among ….

A

is among SUPERLATIVE

is among the most rare

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35
Q

WHO x WHOM

A

WHO + verb - She is the woman who loves him

WHOM + SUBJ + verb - She is the woman whom he loves

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36
Q

Relative pronoun used for possession?

A

WHOSE (people, animals and things)
and
OF WHICH (thing and animals)

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37
Q

THAT (3 rules)

A

THAT
1) Used for people, animals and things
2) CAN’T never be used after COMMAS or prepositions
3) Whenever there is a clause (subj + verb) after a relative pronoun it can be omitted
Ex.: She is the girl that I met last month
She is the girl I met last month

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38
Q

Relative adverbs - TIME

A

Relative adverbs - TIME

WHEN or IN/ON/AT WHICH

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39
Q

Relative adverbs - PLACE

A

Relative adverbs - PLACE

WHERE or IN/ON/AT/TO WHICH

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40
Q

Relative adverbs - REASON

A

Relative adverbs - REASON

WHY or FOR WHICH

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41
Q

Pleonasm and relative pronouns!

A

Right: It is a situation which is hard to explain
Wrong: “” which IT is hard or which is hard to explain IT

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42
Q

GO + ____ + _____

A

GO + PLACE + FREQUENCY

I go there 2x a week

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43
Q

Defining and non defining clause?

A

Defining -> gives essencial information -> not put between commas
“She is the woman who married that guy”

Non defining -> gives extra information -> between commas
“THAT woman, who married her friend, was very sad.”

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44
Q

REMEMBER
+ TO + INFINITIVE =
+ ING =

A

REMEMBER

TO + INFINITIVE = first you remember sth then you do it
Ex.: She only locks the door because she always remember to do it

ING = first you do sth and then you remember it
Ex.: I remember telling him about you last night.

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45
Q

MEAN
+ TO + INFINITIVE
+ ING

A

MEAN

+ TO + INFINITIVE = intend to
Ex.: I mean to live abroad

+ ING = involve, represent
Ex.: Living abroad means spending a lot

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46
Q

GO ON
+ TO + INFINITIVE
+ ING

A

GO ON

+ TO + INFINITIVE = finish doing sth and tarting doing sth else
After he had breakfast, he goes on to read the newspaper

+ ING = continue
He goes on reading the newspaper till lunch time

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47
Q

REGRET
+ TO + INFINITIVE
+ ING

A

REGRET

+ TO + INFINITIVE = be sorry to
Ex.: We regret to inform you flight 001 has been cancelled

+ ING = regret sth you did in the past
Ex.: She regret eating a lot

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48
Q

TRY
+ TO + INFINITIVE
+ ING

A

TRY

+ TO + INFINITIVE = try hard, make an effort
Ex.: He has been trying to cut down on sugar

+ ING = do sth as an experiment
Ex.: He should try not eating dessert every day

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49
Q

STOP
+ TO + INFINITIVE
+ ING

A

STOP

\+ TO + INFINITIVE = stop temporarily 
Ex.: She stopped her class to drink some coffee

+ ING = really stop forever, finish
Ex.: She has stopped smoking

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50
Q

WANT
+ TO + INFINITIVE
+ ING

A

WANT

+ TO + INFINITIVE = wish
They want to travel

+ ING = sth that needs to be done
The house wants cleaning

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51
Q

Verbs that change their meaning if take infinitive or gerund (7)

A 
Remember
Mean 
Go on
Regret 
Try 
Stop
Want
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52
Q

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD - When to use it?

A

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD:
- hypothetical situation
Ex.: If I WERE you, I would leave (I am not you!)
If the Sun WERE shining, I would swim (The sun is not shining)
Ex.: They behave as thought they WERE rich (fosse voce)
or
- to express a wish, a demand, or a suggestion
Ex.: I demand he BE present.
I wish it WERE real
Did you suggest he WEAR a coat?

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53
Q

Verbs That Attract the Subjunctive Mood

A

to ask, to command, to demand, to insist, to order, to recommend, to suggest, and to wish.

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54
Q

Adjectives That Attract the Subjunctive Mood

A

It is…..
advisable, crucial, essential, important, imperative, and necessary
time, high time

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55
Q

Subjunctive mood: VERB + PERSON + ___

A

Subjunctive mood: VERB + PERSON + INFINITIVE

I suggest she GO (not goes)

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56
Q

Subjunctive mood: if the VERB is not followed by PERSON?

A

VERB + ING

I suggest buying some medicine

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57
Q

Subjunctive mood: if the ADJETIVE is not followed by PERSON?

A

ADJ + TO DO STH

It is essencial to have good habits

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58
Q

WHO / WHEN / WHERE / HOW/ WHAT / WHICH
+
EVER

Meaning? (2)

A

1) any at all

2) it doesn’t matter

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59
Q

WHATSOEVER

  • Meaning?
  • When it is used?
A

WHATSOEVER
- Meaning? AT ALL
- When it is used? Adverb ate the end of negative sentences for emphasis
Nothing whatsoever, none whatsoever, no … whatsoever

“ The video is the best. I have NO doubts whatsoever.

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60
Q

THE MOST X MOST X MOST OF THE

A

THE MOST + adj -> superlative - The most beautiful
MOST + noun -> quantifier - Most people like chocolate
MOST OF THE + noun -> specific situation - Most of the people I know like chocolate

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61
Q

TO ROB X TO STEAL

A

TO ROB someone
TO STEAL an object
They robbed the bank, they stole 1 million

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62
Q

Infective construction -> HOWEVER and THOUGH/ AS more adj

A

HOWEVER + adj + person + may / might + verb
However beautiful she may seem

Adj + THOUGH / AS + person + may / might + verb
Hard thought it may seem

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63
Q

AT LAST X AT LEAST

A

AT LAST - finalmente
I am so glad to meet you at last
AT LEAST - pelo menos
There were at least twenty people there

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64
Q

IN THE END X AT THE END

A

IN THE END = finally
In the end I decided to get her flowers
AT THE END = final part
At the end of the book

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65
Q

Reported speech -> nao tem:

A

PRESENT PERFECT - HAVE 3ª LIST

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66
Q

Inversion - when we use? (6)

A

1) Negative adverb at the beginning of the sentence or clause
Seldom have I seen…
2) Instead of IF, in conditionals with “HAD”, “WERE”, mad “SHOULD”
If I had been there -> Had I been there
3) After “so + ADJ… that”, “sush”, “to sush a degree”
So beautiful was the girl
4) Adverbial expression of place at the beginning
On the table was all the money
5) After so, neither, nor, as
So do I
6) Direct speech
“I love you” said Julia

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67
Q

Negative adverbs and adverbs phrases

A

Hardly, seldom, rarely, never, scarcely, little
Only, not only..but, only then, only later, only in this way,
no sooner, nowhere, in no way, on no account

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68
Q

Expression that the inversion comes in the second part of the sentence

A

Not until, not since, only after, only if, only when, only by

Not until I saw John with my own eyes DID I really believe he was safe

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69
Q

HAD BETTER - meaning

A

HAD BETTER - meaning: suggestion, advice = “should”
You had better (not) + verb infinitive

  You had better (not) go to the doctor
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70
Q

WOULD RATHER - meaning

A

WOULD RATHER - meaning: preference = “prefer”
You would rather (not) + verb infinitive

  You had better (not) stay at home
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71
Q

HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER / WISH / CONDITIONALS - present idea

A

HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER / WISH / CONDITIONALS - present idea

+ INF
+ person + PAST

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72
Q

HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER / WISH / CONDITIONALS - past idea

A

HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER / WISH / CONDITIONALS - past idea
+ HAVE 3ª list
+ person + HAD 3ª list

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73
Q

MODALS?

A 
Would rather 
Had better
Don’t mind 
Might 
Is believed 
Ought to
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74
Q

Modals - Present idea

A

Modals - Present idea

Modal + INFINITIVE
She might go

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75
Q

Modals - Past idea?

Exception?

A

Modals - Past idea

Modal + HAVE 3ª list
She might have gone

Exception: MUST - Obligation

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76
Q

Modals = no TO (just verb in the infinitive) - exception:

A

Modals = no TO (just verb in the infinitive) - exception: OUGHT TO
She ought to go

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77
Q

Modals past= HAVE 3ª LIST - exception:

A 
Modals past= HAVE 3ª LIST - exception: MUST (obligation)
Past - HAD TO + infinitive 
              She had to study 
Present - must + infinitive 
               She must study
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78
Q

When we use MUST + HAVE 3ª LIST (past)?

A

MUST - express deduction and conclusion
Present: She must be sick
Past: She must have been sick

79
Q

MODALS and NEGATIVE

Exception?

A

MODALS and NEGATIVE
Modal + not + verb
She may not have done it

Exception? MUST

80
Q

MUST and negative (3)

A

1) Must - express logical conclusion
Present: CAN’T / COULND’T - She can’t be rich
Past: CAN’T HAVE + 3ª LIST / COULDN’T HAVE + 3ª LIST -
She can’t have taken the vaccine / She couldn’t have taken the vaccine

2) Must - obligation
Present: DON’T HAVE TO - I don’t have to study on Saturdays.
Past: DIDIN’T HAVE TO - I didn’t have to study on Saturdays.

3) Must - prohibition - MUSTN’T
You mustn’t smoke here.

81
Q

TO preposition or TO part of the infinitive?

A

Preposition - if a substantive fits the context
Ex.: It comes to COVID or It comes to finishing | I look forward to vacation or I look forward to traveling
PREPOSITION = VERB ING

Part of the infinitive - if a substantive does not fits the context
I need TO go
The prisoners are believed TO have escaped

82
Q

MUST - Obligation: present and past (+) (-)

A

MUST - Obligation: present and past (+) (-)
Present:
(+) must + inf - She must study
(-) don’t have to + inf - She don’t have to study
Past:
(+) HAD to + INF - She had to study
(-) didn’t have to + INF - She didn’t have to study

83
Q

MUST - Deduction and conclusion: present and past (+) (-)

A

MUST - Deduction and conclusion: present and past (+) (-)
Present:
(+) must + infinitive - She must be sick
(-) CAN’T / COULDN’T- She can’t be sick / She couldn’t be rich
Past:
(+) must have 3ª list - She must have been sick
(-) COULDN’T have 3ª list - She couldn’t have been sick
CAN’T have 3ª list - She can’t have been sick

84
Q

Modals - meaning: ABILITY

A

Modals - meaning: ABILITY
CAN (present)
COULD (past)
BE ABLE TO (other tense, ex.: will be able to)

85
Q

Modals - meaning: PERMISSION / REQUEST

A

Modals - meaning: PERMISSION
CAN / COULD
MAY
Will / would

86
Q

Modals - meaning: ADVICE / recommendation “deveria”

A

Modals - meaning: ADVICE / recommendation “deveria”
SHOULD
OUGHT TO

87
Q

Modals - meaning: POSSIBILITY / LOGICAL CONCLUSION / probability “deve”

A

Modals - meaning: POSSIBILITY / probability “deve”
MAY / MIGHT (weaker possibility)
MUST / MUST HAVE (sure)
CAN’T or COULDN’T / CAN’T or COULDN’T HAVE (impossible)

88
Q

Modals - meaning: OBLIGATION

A

Modals - meaning: OBLIGATION
MUST (present)
HAD TO (past)
DIDN’T HAVE TO / DON’T HAVE TO

89
Q

Modals - meaning: LACK OF OBLIGATION

A

Modals - meaning: LACK OF OBLIGATION
DON’T HAVE TO
NEEDN’T

90
Q

Modals - meaning: PROHIBITION

A

Modals - meaning: PROHIBITION
MUSTN’T (sense of duty)
CAN’T (external authority)

91
Q

If -> REMOTE PROBABILITY

A

If -> REMOTE PROBABILITY
SHOULD

Should you have any doubt, talk to the teacher.

91
Q

If you WILL -> meaning (2)

A

1) PLEASE -> If you will listen to me, I will tell you what has happened = Please listen to me, I will tell you what has happened
2) IF YOU WANT TO

92
Q

Complete: It’s essencial that he…

A

Complete: It’s essencial that he…
It’s essencial that he HAVE ….
It’s essencial (that) he have

93
Q

EACH, SOME, NONE, FEW OF ….. (relative pronoun)

A

EACH, SOME, NONE FEW OF WHICH / WHOM

94
Q

If it’s necessary =

A

If it’s necessary = IF NEED BE

95
Q

Year? Preposition

A

Year? Preposition

IN

96
Q

AT?

A

At - HOUR

97
Q

ON?

A

ON - days of week and dates

98
Q

IN?

A

IN: seasons, years, months

99
Q

INTO?

A

Into - verbs of movement

I am gonna go into the room

100
Q

Uncountable (+) (-)

A

Uncountable
(+) little
(-) much

Bread, chocolate, meat, butter, ice cream, money, time.
Liquids: oil, water, milks

101
Q

Uncountable

A

Bread, chocolate, meat, butter, ice cream, money, time.

Liquids: oil, water, milks

102
Q

Countable (+) (-)

A

Countable
(+) FEW
(-) MANY

103
Q

PERMIT + _____
Similar to:
Different from:

A

PERMIT + sb TO do STH
Similar to: ALLOW
Different from: LET (let sb do sth) and MAKE (make sb do sth)

104
Q

PASSIVE IDEA =

ATCVE IDEA =

A

PASSIVE IDEA = ED “ado”
I am tired (cansado)
ATCVE IDEA = ING “ante” “ivo”
The book is tiring (cansativo)

105
Q

Past perfect - structure and example

A

Past perfect -> HAD 3ª list
Past perfect (1ª action) -> simple past (2º action)
I had studied before I did the test
I did the test after I had studied

106
Q

Past perfect continuous - structure and example

A

Past perfect continuous -> HAD BEEN ING
Past perfect continuous (1ª action) -> simple past (2º action)
I had been studying for 3 day before I did the test
I did the test after I had been studying for 3 days

107
Q

Past perfect - use (4)

A

1) Time up to then (past)
I had seen all those movies BT the time I as 20.

2) Reported clauses, when the reporting verbs is in the past
“ She drove (past) through a red light” - The policeman said she had driven through a red light

2.2) When the reporting verb is a verb of perception and in the past
The doctor FELT my mother had got worse.
He HEARD I hadn’t come home.

3) Talking about changed states
I had planned to go to the beach but look at the rain

4) In conditional clauses, when we imagine a different past
I would have helped to plain the house, if you HAD ASKED me (you didn’t ask me)

108
Q

WILL / CAN / WOULD / COULD + _____

A

WILL / CAN / WOULD / COULD + verb infinitive
Ex.: He would have had to miss the lecture.
She can / could drive

109
Q

Preposition:
AMAZED ____
BAD _____

A

Preposition:
AMAZED AT
BAD AT

110
Q

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT - “neither” and “either”

- I don’t like to drive (3)

A

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT - “neither” and “either”

  • I don’t like to drive (3)
  • Me neither
  • I don’t either
  • Neither do I
111
Q

LIE - LAY - LAIN -> meaning

A

LIE - LAY - LAIN -> meaning
1- Be in the horizontal position “I lie in bed”
2 - Be located “Brazil lies in South America” “ The solution lies in finding a vaccine”

112
Q

LIE - LIED - LIED -> meaning

A

LIE - LIED - LIED -> meaning

- Not to tell the truth “She lied to me”

113
Q

LAY - LAID - LAID -> meaning

A

LAY - LAID - LAID -> meaning

- Put “I lay this book on the table”

114
Q

GERUND x PRESENT PARTICIPLE

A

GERUND x PRESENT PARTICIPLE = ING

Gerund - (port = infinitive) - Speaking English is important
Present participle - (port = gerúndio) - Being Brazilian, she can’t go to Europe (because she is Brazilian…) - EXPLANATION

115
Q

PAST of gerund and present participle

A

PAST of gerund and present participle = HAVING + 3ª list

Gerund: “I don’t regret driving” “ I don’t regret having driven”
Present participle: “Being Brazilian…” “Having been Brazilian…”

116
Q

SUBJECT OF GERUND?

A

POSSESIVE PRONOUN

“YOUR leaving early was a wise decision”
“ THEIR wrapping up the meeting with a dinner was a great idea”

117
Q

EMPHASIS:
He works in a bank
They had enough money

A

EMPHASIS:
He works in a bank -> He DOES work in a bank
They had enough money -> They did have enough money

Obs.: HE does WORK (not works)

118
Q

EMPHASIS:
We only use it in: ___
It is not possible with: ____ and ____

A

EMPHASIS:
We only use it in: +. Nerves in - or ?
It is not possible with: MODAL VERBS and VERB TO BE

119
Q

EMPHASIS - 3 common uses

A

1) Emotions: “ Oh my darling, you DO look good”
2) Contrast: “ We didn’t have much spending money, but we DID have a really good time”
3) Compare expectation with reality: “ I said I would marry you and I DID marry you”

120
Q

PRESENT CONTINUOUS - use (2)

A

1) Something that is happening now, it’s accompanied by time expression “NOW, RIGHT NOW, AT THE MOMENT, CURRENTLY”
“I can’t go out right now, I am helping my mom”

2) Future idea
“ Each you the new students is MEETING with an advisor LATER TODAY”
“ Are you meeting Bill at the movies tonight?”

121
Q

TO BE EXPECTED TO DO STH =

I am expected to do the test in May

A

TO BE EXPECTED TO DO STH = BE TO DO STH

I am expected to do the test in May = I am to do the test in May

122
Q

Present: I am to do the test in May
Past:

A

Present: I am to do the test in May.
Past: I was to have done the test in May.

123
Q

It is a habit of ___

A

It is a habit of ___ -> POSSESSIVE

It is a habit of mine / theirs

124
Q

Difference:

  • It is a picture OF YOURS
  • It is a picture OF YOU
A

Difference:

  • It is a picture OF YOURS - the photo belongs to you, you are not necessary there
  • It is a picture OF YOU - you are in the photo
125
Q

RATHER - 3 uses

A

RATHER - 3 uses

1) RATHER = QUITE = VERY
“I am rather tired today”

2) WOULD RATHER = PREFER

3) RATHER THAN = to express preference
“ I prefer GOING to the beach RATHER THAN STAYING at home”
“ I prefer fiction novels RATHER THAN newspaper”

126
Q

INSTEAD OF X RATHER THAN (2 differences)

A

INSTEAD OF
- Choise
- Followed by: + ING / NOUN
“ Instead of going to the cinema, I stayed at home”

RATHER THAN
- Preference
- Followed by the same kind of verb or the same word class that is preceded by
“ I prefer GOING to the cinema rather than STAYING home”

127
Q

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS - use (3)

A

1) Recent pas activities (we don’t give a specific time)
I’ve JUST been cleaning the car

2) One continuing event- that began at a point and still continuing
I’ve been living in the village SINCE 1995 / FOR 25 years (I am still living)

3) Repeated continuing events that started at a particular time in the past and are still continuing up until now.
She has been playing tennis on and off for three years

128
Q

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS - structure

A

HAVE / HAS + BEEN + -ing
She has been working
She has NOT been working
How long has she been working? Has she been working?

129
Q

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE - structure

A

I have worked
I have not worked
Have you worked?

130
Q

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE - uses (6)

A
  • TO REFER TO EVENTS IN THE PAST BUT WHICH CONNECT TO THE PRESENT
  • THE TIME IS NOT IMPORTANT

1) Experience
1.1) Time expressions: ever, not ever, never, before, in my life, so far, up until now, first time
“Have you ever been there?” “They have sold 10 so far”
“ We haven’t met before, have we?”
“ That’s the first time I’ve seen you get angry”

1.2) Unique experience - superlative 
“ I felt the HAPPIEST I have ever felt” 
“ It was the BEST decision, I have ever made in my life” 

  1.3) “First time” 
  “ That is the first time I’ve seen you get angry” 2) Recent completed events - JUST / RECENTLY 
 “ They have RECENTLY / JUST opened an office”

3) Past events, present results
“ She has broken her arm” (the arm is still broken now)

4) Present situation that began in the past and is still going on - FOR / SINCE
“ That house has been empty for 1 year”

5) HOW LONG? To ask about the duration of a state or activity
“ How long have you worked there? since 2020.”

6) YET, ALREADY, STILL

131
Q

YET - ALREADY - STILL

A

YET - refer to things we intend to do in the future but which are not done yet.
“I haven’t finish my coffee yet”

ALREADY - emphasize sth is done
“ I’ve already booked my flight”

STILL - emphasize that sth we expected to happen continues not to happen
“ She still hasn’t said sorry to me”

132
Q

FOR - SINCE

A

FOR - refers to period of time (3 years, 4 hours, ages, a long time…)

SINCE - refers to a previous point in the time (last Monday, last year, 1897, yesterday…)

133
Q

COMPETE ____ (3)

A

compete WITH / AGAINST sb
compete FOR sth
compete IN sth (sport)

134
Q

account FOR STH

ON account OF STH

A

account FOR STH - to form the total of sth

ON account OF STH - because of sth

135
Q

HYPHENATED ADJECTIVE- rule

A

NO PLURAL!
Ex.: two-day strike, one-of-a kind dog, easy-to-read content, five-year-old boy
Obs.: twenty-five yearS old -> correct

136
Q

NO X ANY - uses

A

NO + “Under NO circumstances will Edna leave the house”

ANY - or ? “ Edna won’t leave the house under ANY circumstances” “ Will Edna leave the house under ANY circumstances?”
Obs.: ANY can be used in + sentences in this case: I can by ANY car I rant (qualquer)

UNDER ANY / NO CIRCUMSTANCES - ON ANY / NO ACCOUNT

137
Q

DO / DOES / DID + PERSON = (2)

DO / DOES / DID + VERB (1)

A

DO / DOES / DID + PERSON = INVERSION or QUESTION
Only when I have nothing else to do DO I watch TV

DO / DOES / DID + VERB = EMPHASIS
I DO WATCH TV when I have nothing else to do

138
Q

When we want to say that sth exist or doesn’t: _____

A

THERE BE

“ There is a cup on the table”

139
Q

THERE BE - tenses:

  • Present:
  • Past:
  • Future: + ?
  • Modals
  • Inversion
A

THERE BE - tenses:

  • Present: There is a problem
  • Past: There were a problem / There have been a problem / There has not been a problem
  • Future: There will be a problem / Will there be a problem?
  • Modals: There should / must have been a problem
  • Inversion: Seldom must there have been a problem / Never has there been a problem
140
Q

PREVIOUSLY =

PRIER TO STH =

A

PREVIOUSLY = anteriormente

PRIER TO STH = antes de algo

141
Q

ANOTHER X OTHER X OTHERS

A

ANOTHER + subst in the SING - “another book”
OTHER + subst in the PLURAL - “other books”
OTHERS = no subst directly after ir - “I like that book and you like others”

142
Q

AFTER - LATER

A

AFTER + WHAT - I will rest AFTER I study for the test

LATER - I will study for the test and rest LATER (not: and rest after)

143
Q

VERB + __ + __ + __

Exception:

A

VERB + WHAT + HOW + WHEN
I speak English fluently every day

Exception: time at the beginning of the sentence for EMPHASIS
Every day, I speak English fluently

144
Q

VERB OF MOVEMENT + __ + __ + __

Exception:

A

VERB OF MOVEMENT + WHERE + HOW + WHEN
I go to Rio by car on Sundays

Exception: time at the beginning of the sentence for EMPHASIS
On Sundays, I go to Rio by car.

145
Q

Owing to =

A

Owing to = Due to = Because of

146
Q

Be amazed ____ (2)

A

be amazed AT / BY sth

147
Q

Usually =

A

Usually = Typically

148
Q

Make up =

A

Make up = form

149
Q

VERBS OF SENSE - rule

Smell, taste, feel, sound…

A

VERBS OF SENSE - are NOT followed by adverbs of manner (adj -ly)
(Smell, taste, feel, sound…)

“ It smells good” - not well
“ It taste bad” - not badly

150
Q

VERBS OF SENSE and FEELING- rule
(Smell, taste, feel, sound…)
( Love, understand, need…)

A

VERBS OF SENSE and FEELING- are NOT in the continuous form
(Smell, taste, feel, sound…)
( Love, understand, need…)

“It smells good” - not it is smelling good

151
Q

BECAUSE OF x BECAUSE

infrequence

A

BECAUSE OF their infrequency

BECAUSE they are infrequent

152
Q

WHAT … LIKE (as to) X HOW

A

1) WHAT … LIKE - description
“ I don’t know what she is like, she might be shy”
“ What is the weather like?”
“ What is Petropolis like?”
- AS TO
“ I can tell you what Julia is like. However, AS TO WHAT Gi IS LIKE, I can say she is cool”

2) HOW - state or manner
“ I don’t know how she is …. she might be sick”

HOW LIKE - WRONG!!!!

153
Q

PASSIVE REPORTING VERBS - THINK SAY, KNOW

“People think music is relaxing” (2)

A

1) It + reporting verb + (that)
It is thought (that) music is relaxing
- Agree, believe, claim, consider, decide, expect, feel, find, imply, know, propose, recommend, say, suggest, suppose, think, understand

2) Sujeito + reporting verb + infinitive
MUSIC is thought to be relaxing
- Consider, expect, feel, know, say, suppose, think, understand

154
Q

ADVERBS - position: MIDDLE - one verb

A

ADVERBS - position: MIDDLE - one verb
BETWEEN THE SUBJECT and the MAIN VERN

“I always go there”

155
Q

ADVERBS - position: MIDDLE - + than one verb

A

ADVERBS - position: MIDDLE - + than one verb
AFTER the first auxiliary verb / modal verb

“Julia has occasionally been forced to change her mind”
“ You can never predict what will happen”

156
Q

ADVERBS - position: question

A

ADVERBS - position: question
BETWEEN the SUBJECT and the main verb

“Do you always go there?”

157
Q

ADVERBS - position: verb to BE

  • Usually:
  • Emphasis:
A

ADVERBS - position: verb to BE
- Usually: after the main verb BE
“ She is always late for everything”
NOT: We are NOT entirely sure…

  • Emphasis: adverb BEFORE the verb
    “ I never was a fan of hers”
158
Q

ADVERBS - position: verb HAS AN OBJECT

A

ADVERBS - position: verb HAS AN OBJECT
AFTER the object
“ We made a decision quickly then left”

ATTENTION: We don’t put adverbs between the VERB and the OBJECT

159
Q

ADVERBS - position: more than 1 type of adverb

A

ADVERBS - position: more than 1 type of adverb

MANNER - PLACE - TIME

“ James played brilliantly in the match on Saturday

160
Q

Witch one is right:
A) I like to imagine what it would be like
B) I like to imagine what would be like
Why?

A

A) I like to imagine WHAT IT WOULD be like

Why? We don’t have a verb without a SUBJECT
WHAT IT WOUKD BE LIKE
SUBJECT + VERB

161
Q

Witch one is right:
A) The teacher don’t know what the reason is
B) The teacher don’t know what is the reason
Why?

A

A) The teacher don’t know what the reason is

Why? We don’t have a verb without a SUBJECT and the order is SUBJECT + VERB

VERB + SUBJECT -> question or inversion!!

162
Q

Age - preposition

A

AT

163
Q

IN THE SINCE AS = ___ = ___ = ___

A

IN THE SINCE AS = INASMUCH AS = INSOMUCH THAT = INSOFAR AS

164
Q

INSOFAR ___
INASMUCH ___
INSOMUCH ___

A

INSOFAR AS
INASMUCH AS
INSOMUCH THAT

165
Q

IN THE SINCE AS = INASMUCH AS = INSOMUCH THAT = INSOFAR AS
Portugueses:
Used to:

A

Portugueses: “na medida em que”
Used to: explain sth

“Inasmuch as Erick is the boss, he needs to have control”

166
Q

“Tanto quanto”

A

FARASMUCH AS

“Farasmuch as the tree returned to life, so too could Arthur be returned to her”

167
Q

FARASMUCH AS = ___ = ___ = ____ = ___

A

FARASMUCH AS = IN VIEW OF THE FACT = DUE TO THE FACT THAT = THAT = SEEING THAT = SINCE

168
Q

TOO MUCH +___

MUCH TOO + ___

A

TOO MUCH + SUBSTANT
“ too much money”

MUCH TOO + ADJECT
“much too good to be true”

169
Q

MUCH TOO = ___ = ___

A

MUCH TOO = FAR TOO = WAY TOO

170
Q

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD AND WERE

4 examples

A

WERE for all persons!!

1) Conditionals
If I were you / Were I you

2) Would rather
I would rather she were here

3) Wish / modals
I wish I were

4) She behaves as though she WERE rich

171
Q

She behaves as though she WERE rich

Put know me

A

She behave as thought she KNEW me

172
Q

Subjunctive mood: VERB + PERSON + ____

Exception (can have past)

A

Subjunctive mood: VERB + PERSON + INFINITIVE
“I suggest she GO (not goes)”

Exception (can have past): IT IS TIME
“It is time she GO”
“It is time she WENT”

173
Q

Meaning?

“It is time she went “

A

IT IS MORE THAN TIME

174
Q

Vale a pena = __ (4 words)

A

IT IS WORTH IT
subst + verb + idiom “worth it”

It is worth IT
visiting

175
Q

BY …. ING =

A

BY …ING = BY MEANS OF

“who helped by opening the box”

176
Q

_____ hand x ____ hand

A

ON THE ONE HAND X ON THE OTHER HAND

177
Q

ON THE OTHER HAND =_____

A

IN CONTRAST = CONVERSELY

178
Q

She looks at me as thought - difference:

1) She KNEW me
2) She KNOWS me

A

She looks at me as thought

1) She KNEW me -> subjunctive -> I really believe she don’t know me
2) She KNOWS me -> I really believe she knows me

179
Q

SUBJUNCTIVE - past:
She behaves as though she knew me
She behaves as though she were a queen

A

She behaves as though she knew me -> she HAD KNOWN ME
She behaves as though she were a queen -> she HAD BEEN a queen

Remember:

  • past of past simples -> HAD + 3ª LIST
  • past of present -> HAVE + 3ª LIST
180
Q

Frequency adverbs

  • Usually, often, sometimes, occasionally-> at the
  • Always and never -> at the
  • Longer adverbial phrases -> at the
A

Frequency adverbs

  • Usually, often, sometimes, occasionally-> at the BEGINNING or END
  • Always and never -> at the MIDDLE
  • Longer adverbial phrases -> at the END
181
Q

SOMETIME X SOMETIMES X SOME TIME

A

SOMETIME - at an unspecific time in the future
“ Give me a call sometime”
SOME TIME - a period of time
“ It will take some time”
SOMETIMES - occasionally
“Sometimes it is best not to say anything”

182
Q

Comparative x Superlative

A

Comparative

  - ER  “John is taller than Paul”
  - MORE / LESS handsome

Superlative

   - EST “John is the tallest at the club”
   - MOST / LEAST + intelligent
183
Q

John is taller than Paul

- give more emphasis:

A

John is taller than Paul

- give more emphasis: John is MUCH / A LITTLE taller than Paul

184
Q

adj - comparative - superlative
Good:
Bad:

A

adj - comparative - superlative
Good - better - the best
Bad - worse -the worst

185
Q

+ John is ___ good ___ Paul

- John isn’t ___ good ___ Paul

A

+ John is AS good AS Paul

- John isn’t AS / SO good AS Paul

186
Q

BOTH … __ …
NEITHER … __ …
EITHER … __ …

A

BOTH … AND …
NEITHER … NOR …
EITHER …. OR / TO…

187
Q

SUSH

1) SUSH +
2) singular:
3) plural

A

SUSH
1) SUSH + substantive
Such woman is tall

2) singular: SUSH + A/AN + ADJ + SUBST (S)
She is such a tall woman

3) plural: SUSH + ADJ + SUBST(P)
They are such tall women

188
Q

SO

1) SO +
2) ..

A

SO
1) SO + ADJ
She is so tall
Obs.: SUSH + SUBST “Sush woman”

2) SO ADJ + A/AN + SUBST
She is so tall a girl.

189
Q

sth brings ………. experience / knowledge

A

sth brings A WEALTH OF experience / knowledge

190
Q

The teacher called Sarah and ____ (eu)

A

The teacher called Sarah and ME
ME - object
I - subject

Objects: me, him, her, us, them

191
Q

My x Mine

A

My -> before a noun
“John is my friend”

Mine - at the end of the sentence
“ John is a friend of mine”

192
Q

We don’t use the present perfect (have + 3ª) in:

We use the PAST PERFECT (had + 3ª)

A

1) If clauses
“I would have helped to paint the house IF you HAD ASKED me”

2) Reported speech
“She drove fast” - The policeman said she HAD DRIVEN fast.

ECPE (2 decks)

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