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Microbiology > Gram-positive Bacilli > Flashcards

Gram-positive Bacilli Flashcards

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1
Q

Classification of bacilli

A 
Familybacillaceae
Aerobic 
spore forming 
Gram positive 
B.anthracis
B.cereus
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2
Q

Classification of gram positive bacilli

A 
Endospore
Formers:bacillus,clostridium
Non formers:listeria,erysipelothrix
Irregular shaped and staining properties :
Corynebacterium 
Mycobacterium
Actinomycetes
No cardio
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3
Q

Bacillus anthrax

A

Non motile
Capsulated
Spores
Zoonotic

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4
Q

Diseases of anthrax

A

Inhalation(pulmonary anthrax) I :5% M:95%
Wool sorters disease
Pre treatment :duckering i.e treating with formaldehyde
D/s:mediastinitis,pneumonia is

Contact/inoculation(cutaneous anthrax) I:95% M:20%
Hide porters disease
Malignant pustule/blackeschar with necrosis @ center

Ingestion(intestinal anthrax) in I:rare M:95%

Cerebral anthrax: Haemorrhagic CCF

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5
Q

Anthrax bioterrorism category and safety

A

Type A

BSL 3

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6
Q

Culture bacillus anthrax

A

PLET
Medusa head

Gelatin stab
Inverted fir tree

Blood agar with penicillin
L forms
Pearl on a string appearance

Nutrient agar
Ground glass appearance

Soil/in Vitro cx : bamboo stick/ box car on gram staining

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7
Q

Investigation

A 
PCR
Elisa
If
Gamma phage typing
Multilocus sequence typing
Mcfaydean reaction
Aescoli’s gel precipitation test
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8
Q

Mcfaydean reaction

A

Capsule turns blue on methylene blue staining

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9
Q

Aescolis gel precipitation test

A

Double diffusion single dimension

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10
Q

Virulence factors of anthrax

A 
Oedema factor 
Lethal factor(cleaves MAPK)
Protective antigen factor(Stimulate entry of above  two cytolytic toxins)
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11
Q

Historical significance of bacillus anthrax

A 
First bacteria
     To be isolated by culture
      To be seen under microscope
      Used for  kochs postulates
       To involve a communicable disease through blood
        To be found a vaccine
        In where precipitation test done
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12
Q

Spores of B.anthrax

A

Not seen in tissue i.e in Vivo

Seen in soil and culture only

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13
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

Non sporing
Non capsule
Motile
Gram positive

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14
Q

Toxins of bacillus cereus

A 
Food poisoning(vomitting)
Pre formed(<6hrs)
Increase in bacteria
Increase in cGMP
Heat stable
Diarrhoea
Not preformed(>12 hrs)
Loose stools 
Decreased number of bacteria
Increase in cAMP

Toxins similar to E. coli

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15
Q

Investigation of bacillus cereus

A

Stool culture MYPA

Diagnostic >10 to power 5 cfu/gm of stool

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16
Q

MYPA

A

Mannitol
Yolk sac
Phenol red/polymycin
Agar(novo biocin)

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17
Q

PLET Medium

A

Polymyxin
Lysozyme
EDTA
Thallium acetate

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18
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria toxins

A 
Toxin A 
Required from beta phage
Tox gene
Inhibits EF 2
Inhibits protein synthesis

Toxin B
attachment
Entry of toxin A

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19
Q

Culture media of diphtheria

A

Loefflers serum slope
Pigment production enhanced
Early detection

Potassium telluride agar
Mitis poached egg
Gravis daisy head
Intermedius frog egg

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20
Q

Bio types of clostridium diphtheriae

A

Mitis
Endemic
Obstructive
Mild

Intermedius
Epidemic
Hemorrhagic
Moderate

Gravis
Epidemic
Hemorrhagic paralytic
Severe

Belfani
All are nitrate positive except belfani

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21
Q

Other corynebacterium

A 
Immunocompetent
Ulcerans (milk)
Pseudo tb(zoonosis suppurations lymphadenitis)
Arcanobact haemolyticum(beta hemolysis)
Minutissimum(erythrasma)
Immunocompromised
Jeikium
Xerosis
Hofmani
Equi

C parvum
C urealyticum

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22
Q

Schiks test

A 
Immunogenicity susceptibility testing
Intradermal inj of toxin 0.2 ml /1/50 ml
Another hand heated inactivated toxin
If toxin (+) reaction =susceptible 
If antitoxin (+)=hypersensitivity
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23
Q

DT toxoid

A

Formalin treated for 30 days
Dose 25-30 lf units/dose
Older children and adults 1-2 lf units/dose

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24
Q

Lf units

A

Limes flocculations

25
Q

Mycobacterium

A

TB
Lepra
NTB

26
Q

Mycobacterium tb

A

Acid fast
Long slender beaded
Bacilli
Aerobic

27
Q

Culture of tb bacilli

A

Egg media
LJ medium
Dorset egg media

Liquid 
BACTEC 460 radiometric method
C14 to CO2
BGIT
Decreasing O2=increasing fluorescence
BACT alert/MBsystem 
Septi check
ESP Culture  system 2
28
Q

Investigation of mycobacterium tb

A

Gamma interferon assay
Antigen injected
Lymphocyte activated
Gamma interferons

Mantoux(LATENT TB)
Intradermal injection of 0.1ml ppd or 5TU of ppd or 1TU of RT 23 strain
48-72 hrs
10 mm positive exposure in adults or diagnostic in children
5-9 doubtful
<4 negative

IS6110 rflp gene sequencing
M bovis
Spoligotyping(spaced oligonucleotide typing)

Gene expert
CBNAAT
rifampicin resistance

29
Q

False positive mantoux

A

Atypical bact kansasi

30
Q

False negative mantoux

A

Miliary Tb
Immunocompromised
Measles

31
Q

Types of tb

A

Primary/latent

Secondary/active

32
Q

Primary to

A 
GHONS focus(lower lobe)
GHONScomplex 
LL +enlarged LN
Rheinkes complex
Calcified enlarged LN
33
Q

Secondary to

A

Simons focus
Upper lobe(apex of lung)
Heamatogenous seeding

Ashermans focus
B/L calcified nodules
Infraclavicular

34
Q

Resistance of tb

A 
Inh
Katg 
Deletion of catalase peroxidase
Inh A
defect in function of mycolic acid

Rifampicin
RpolB Muatation in rna polymerase beta subunit

Streptomycin
Gamma psl/Rrs
Mutation in ribosomal s12 protein &16srna

Gyr A
Defect in DNA gyrase

35
Q

Lj medium

A

Egg solidifying agent
Glycerol dSource of carbon
Malachite green

36
Q

Time taken in culture and other BACTEC systems

A

3 to 4 weeks in LJ medium
7 to 14 days in BACTEC
<7 days in NTB IN BACTEC

37
Q

Preparation of sputum

A

Petroffs technique
4% NAOH
Disinfectant
For comtaminants

N actylcysteine
Mucolytic agent

Centrifugation

38
Q

Middle brooks media

A

7H9
1%proportion technique
Drug sensitivity testing method

Ratio of numbers of colonies in drug containing media to drug free media

> =1 resistance present

39
Q

acid fast staining concentration

A 
My lepra 
5%sulphuric acid
My TB
10%
Nocardia
1%
40
Q

Mycobacterium lepra

A

Acid fast(5%)
Short stout straight bacilli
Foam cells
Cigar bundle appearance in histiocytes/macrophages(>50bacilli)

41
Q

Clinical features of leprosy

A 
Lionen facies
Sagging muscles
Nodular lesions
Madarosis 
Claw hand
Wrist drop
Foot drop
42
Q

Nerves involved

A

Ulnar>post auricular nerve

NEVER INVOLVED
MEDIAN POPLITEAL NERVE

43
Q

Slit skin smear

A 
Buttock
Ear lobule
Forehead
 Chin 
Cheeks
Nasal mucosa

4 samples minimum

44
Q

Bacteriological and morphological index

A

Bacteriological
No of bacilli

Morphological
No of viable bacilli
=>1 resistance

45
Q

Types of leprosy

A 
Tuberculoid(CMI)
Borderline tuberculoid
Borderline
Borderline lepromatous 
Lepromatous (antibody)
46
Q

Lepra reaction

A 
Three types 
Type 1  d/t CMI TYPE 4 HS
2 subtypes
Reverse and downward
Reverse is after drug admin
Downward is before drug admin
Inflammation in existing lesions
Thickening of nerves/neuritis (ulnar nerve M/C)
Treatment:glucocorticoid

Type 2 d/t TYPE 3 IC
Erythema nodosum leprosariums
Painful erythematous populist to nodules

Type 3 d/t TYPE 3 IC
Lucio reaction
Diffuse dermal infiltration
Ischemic necrosis of epidermis dermis lower limb mainly
Treatment:glucocorticoid
If not responsive thalidomide ,glucosamine

46
Q

Culture of lepra

A

Cannot be cultured
Does not obey Koch postulate
Food pad of mouse(thymectamised to cause lepromatous leprosy)
Footpad of armadillo 9 banded(natural infection with favourable temp for bacilli demonstration in tissue)

48
Q

Lepromin test

A

Early Fernandez
Similar to mantoux
48 hrs
Previous exposure present

Late Mitsuda
Due to current injection of Dharmendra antigen
3-4 weeks

49
Q

Lepromin test vs lepra reaction

A

Lepromin test
Prognosis of disease
Transition through spectrum
From tuberculoid to lepromatous or vice versa
Intact CMI gives positive results either late or early
Tuberculoid spectrum CMI mediated and hence gives positive results

Lepra reaction
It’s normal in course of disease in relation to treatment
Just a treatment response
But has to be made sure by seeing prognosis of disease by lepromin test
Patient compliance to drug is the cornerstone to cure of disease and so he must be assured of these reactions at the start of treatment

50
Q

Vaccines for leprosy

A

ICRC Bacilli
not used
M vaccae immunomodulator function
in Tuberloid to prevent lepromatous

51
Q

Treatment of leprosy

A

Paucibacillary
Dapsone daily
Rifampicin monthly
6 months

Multibacillary
Dapsone daily
Rifampicin monthly
Clofazimine monthly
1 year
Single lesion
Rifampicin 
Ofloxacin
Minocycline
Single dose
52
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Only gram positive bacilli to have endotoxins
Tumbling motility @ 25 deg Celsius
Favour growth by cold enrichment (2-8 deg Celsius)
Therefore present in refrigerated foods
Eg cheese

53
Q

Toxins of listeria

A

Listeriolysin
Cytotoxin
Both people l/t TH1 response and granuloma
Int A and Int B( e cadtherin)
Actin A ( polymerisation of actin filaments)

54
Q

Diseases of listeria monocytogenes

A 
Early
Granulosus 
Maternal symptomatic
IUtransmission
Shortly after birth

Late
Neonatal meningitis
Transmission through health care workers
1 week to 1 month

55
Q

PALCAM

A 
Stool culture
Selective media
Polymyxin
Acriflavine
Lithium chloride
Ceftazidime
Aesculin
Mannitol
motility at 25 deg Celsius in palcam 
Blood/chocolate agar
Cold enrichment @ 2 to 8 deg followed by incubation in selective media
56
Q

Complications of listeria

A 
Septicaemia through maternal IU transmission 
Chorioamnionitis
PROM
Preterm birth
Abortions

In non pregnant women
Sepsis immunocompromised

57
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

Swine turkey fish
Erysepeloid(human)

Seal/whale finger
Following trauma to hand 
Reddish blue edematous lesion
Alpha haemolytic
Hydrogen sulphide

Transmission
Direct inoculation
Animal products

58
Q

Antons test

A

Instillation of bacteria in to rabbits eye

Keratoconjuctivitis

Microbiology (5 decks)

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