Gram + Cocci&Rods Flashcards
What are the species of Actinomyces?
A. viscosus, A. naeslundii, A. israelii, A. hordeovulneris
What is the most common staphylococcus isolate from dogs?
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
Blackie, a 5-year old female dog was presented to the vet clinic with unresolving skin lesions. Purulent and bloody secretions were oozing out of some of the lesions. Which of the following staphylococcus species is mostly involved in this type of cases in dogs?
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
- Staphylococcus hyicus
- Staphylococcus epidermis
(test question)
- Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
Staphylococcal enterotoxin exerts its pathogenic effect by
- Binding indiscriminately to the T cell receptor and Class II MHC molecule
- Binding to receptor using the B unit activation of an enzyme using the A unit
- Binding to the CD 14 receptor and activating macrophages to release TNF alpha
- Binding indiscriminately to the T cell receptor and Class II MHC molecule (superantigen)
What are the correct characteristics of Actinomyces? A. Facultative anaerobes B. Facultative anaerobes, Facultative aerobes C. Facultative anaerobes, Facultative aerobes, Capnophillic D. None of the above
C. Facultative anaerobes, Facultative aerobes, Capnophillic
T/F Actinomyces are catalase positive.
False. catalase NEGATIVE
How would you describe the colonies of Actinomyces?
small, slow growing, “molar tooth like”
Actinomyces reside in soil. What are these organisms called?
Soil dwelling saprophytes
Where do you find Actinomyces in the host? What kind of infection is this?
Oropharynx (SOME HOST RESTRICTED); Polymicrobial infection.
Describe the GENERAL morphological characteristics of the disease that Actinomyces cause.
Localized, chronic, progressive, pyogranulomatous disease (mandible, maxillae, etc)
What kind of disease does Actinomyces bovis cause? Explain the characteristics of this disease.
LUMPY JAW (pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis); facial distortion, lose teeth, dyspnea
Describe morphology of Actinomyces.
Gram+, club-shaped rods and filaments, presence of SULFUR GRANULES
What is the diagnosis for Actinomyces?
Culture (aerobic and anaerobic culture); microscopc of granules
What are the treatments for Actinomyces?
PENICILLIN G (high dose), iodides; long term treatment (3-12 months), surgical excision, culling.
T/F. Actinomyces cause an infectious disease.
False. SPORADIC DISEASE.
What are the diseases caused by A. hordeovulneris?
Canine sublumbar abscess and canine epicarditis (DUE TO FOXTAIL)
What are some ways to control Actinomyces related diseases?
Minimize risk of mechanical injury and remove foreign bodies.
A bacteria which uses host actin filaments to travel between cells
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
- Bacillus anthracis
- Streptococcus iniae
1. Listeria monocytogenes
Which of the following is incorrect about listeriosis in ruminants?
- Outbreaks occur after feeding soiled silage
- Encephalitis and neurological signs occurs after the organism enter through the wounds in the buccal mucosa
- Generally disease occurs in the winter months
- Hepatic necrosis is the main lesions in adult animals
- Hepatic necrosis is the main lesions in adult animals
* (only in young animals and monogastrics)*
T/F. Infections of Trueperella pyogenes are endogenous.
True.
How do Actinomyces species spread?
DIRECT EXTENSION (Lymphogenous and hematogenous spread).
What type of pathogen is Rhodococcus equi?
- Obligate mammalian
- Facultative intracellular
- Obligate intracellular
- Facultative mammalian
- Facultative intracellular
T/F. Trueperella pyogenes are pleomorphic, facultative aerobes, non-spore, non-motile, non-capsulated, capnophilic.
False. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES (everything else is true).
Where do Trueperella pyogenes reside? A. Mucous membrane B. Oral cavity C. Bones D. GI tract
A. Mucous membrane
What induces Trueperella pyogenes infection? What type of infection do they cause?
Precipitating stress or trauma; Suppurative.
T/F. Infections of Trueperella pyogenes are endogenous.
True.
What is a disease that is caused by Trueperella pyogenes? “Communicable disease among pastured dairy cattle during dry period”
SUMMER MASTITIS
Which species of animals are proned to Trueperella pyogenes infections?
Swine and cattle (cattle more susceptible; causes ABORTION and MASTITIS in cattle).
What is the most important virulence factor of Actinobaculum suis?
Urease
What is the treatment/control for Trueperella pyogenes infection?
Difficult to treat (none).
T/F. Actinobaculum suis requires oxygen in order to survive.
False. They are ANAEROBES.
Which species of gram + rods has “commensal diphteroid” characteristic? A. Actinomyces B. Actinobaculum suis C. Streptococcus D. Dermatophils congolensis
B. Actinobaculum suis
Where does Actinobaculum suis usually reside in the body of a boar?
Prepucial mucosa
How is Actinobaculum suis transmitted to another animal?
SEXUALLLLL!!
What is the most important virulence factor of Actinobaculum suis?
Urease
What does Actinobaculum suis cause?
Cystitis and pyelonephritis (3-4 weeks post-coitus)
What is the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis caused by Actinobaculum suis similar to?
BOVINE PYELONEPHRITIS (C. renale)
What are two important diagnosis for Dermatophils congolensis?
Culture (selective and non-selective growth on blood agar) Microscope of scabs: “tram track” (methylene blue stain of Giemsa stain)
What is NOT a characteristic of Dermatophils congolensis? A. Filamentous, branching, 2 planes. B. Motile zoospores (chemotaxis for CO2) C. Aerobic, catalse positive D. Non-spore, non-capsulated, capnophilic
D. Non-spore, non-capsulated, capnophilic
Where can you find Dermatophils congolensis on an animal?
Skin (MOIST and DAMAGED)
T/F. Streptococcus is the most common causing bacterial skin infection in dogs.
FALSE! STAPHYLOOOOOOOOCOCCUS
Name the species of animals that are affected by Dermatophils congolensis.
Cattle, sheep, goats, horses (not as much for pigs, dog, and cats).
Name THREE diseases that are caused by Dermatophils congolensis.
Epidermal abscesses with hyperkeratosis Rain scald: horse (when it’s raining) Strawberry Footrot: cattle
What are two important diagnosis for Dermatophils congolensis?
Culture (selective and non-selective growth on blood agar) Microscope of scabs: “tram track” (methylene blue stain of Giema stain)
What is the BEST treatment for Dermatophils congolensis?
Antibiotic (penicillin G and tetracycline)
What is true about Staphylococcus species? A. They cause strangles in equine. B. The most important virulence factor is capsule (hyaluronic acid) C. The best diagnosis is to use PCR for skin infection. D. they are opportunistic pathogens/resident flora.
D. they are opportunistic pathogens/resident flora.
T/F. Streptococcus is the most common causing bacterial skin infection in dogs.
FALSE! STAPHYLOOOOOOOOCOCCUS
What disease does S. hyicus cause?
Greasy pig disease/exudative epidermitis
T/F. Staphylococcus species have ONLY positive catalases.
False. positive AND negative catalases (positive is MORE PATHOGENIC)
T/F. All Staphylococcus species are facultative anaerobes.
False. S. sacharolyricus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius are are not.
Where is the natural habitat for Staphylococcus?
Skin and mucous membranes.
What is true about Staphylococcus species? A. They cause strangles in equine. B. The most important virulence factor is capsule (hyaluronic acid) C. The best diagnosis is to use PCR. D. they are opportunistic pathogens/resident flora.
D. they are opportunistic pathogens/resident flora.
What are the diseases that are caused by S. aureus? (include which animals are affected if there is any)
Mastitis (cattle), Ulcerative Pododermatitis, Bumble foot in birds (birds), Chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation (rodents, humans, horses)
What disease does S. hyicus cause?
Greasy pig disease/exudative epidermitis
Which species of staphylococcus causes “necrotizing fasciitis and necrotizing pneumonia”?
S. pseudintermedius
How would you diagnose Staphylococcus?
Direct exam (abundance of neutrophils), staining, culture (semiquantitative), PCR (except skin infection)
What is the first choice drug to treat staphylococcus infections?
Cephalosporin
T/F. Local therapy and intra-articular injection are effective towards Staphylococcus infections. Also, topical can be used for superficial infection.
True.
Which species of Staphylococcus is the common isolate in dogs? A. S. Intermedius B. S delphini C. S. pseudintermedius
C. S. Pseudintermedius
T/F. Staphylococcus species are Beta-lactamase, methicillin, and multi-drug resistant.
True.
What is the GENERAL term for Staphylococcus infection?
SUPPURATIVE (skin infections, wound infections)
What is used to see the source of bacteria (either the pet or the owner)?
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis
What is the best treatment for mature staphylococcal abscess?
OPEN, CLEAN, and FLUSH IT WITH NO ANTIMICROBIALS
Name infection controls for straphylococcal diseases.
Contact precautions, hygiene, awareness of increased risk, isolation, immunocompetent older clients, treatment of colonized pet is NOT normal
Which species of Staphylococcus is the common isolate in dogs? A. S. Intermedius B. S delphini C. S. pseudintermedius
C. S. Pseudintermedius
T/F. All streptococcus species are facultative anaerobes.
True.
T/F. All streptococcus species have POSITIVE catalases.
False. NEGATIVE catalases
Name FIVE natural habitats for Streptococcus.
Oral cavity, GI tract, nasopharynx, skin, genital tracts
How are streptococcus species transmitted?
Direct contact, fomites.
T/F. Staphylococcus is a reportable disease in some states.
FALSE. STREPTO IS!!!!!!!!!!
What are three diagnosis of S. equi?
Culture swab, serology, PCR.
T/F. Staphylo recover spontaneously.
FALSE. STREPTO!! (recover after abscess ruptures; strong immunity after recovery)
Which species of strepto causes strangles?
S. EQUI SUBSP. EQUI!!!
What species of strepto cause scarlet fever in humans, rheumatic fever, penumonia arthritis?
S. pyogenes
T/F. Necrotizing fasciitis AND myositis are caused by staphylo only.
False. Myositis only by strepto and necrotizing fasciitis by both staphylo and strepto.
Name three virulence factors of Strepto?
Capsule (hyaluronic acid), M protein (important in strangles), Streptokinase (plasminogen to plasmin: beneficial to cardiac patient)
What are three diagnosis of Strepto?
Culture swab, serology, PCR.
T/F. Staphylo recover spontaneously.
FALSE. STREPTO!!
Which bacterial genera are related to Strepto?
Enterococcus, PEptostreptococcus (obligate anaerobe), Abiotrophia (nutritionally fastidious)
How is S. canis transmitted? Who does it affect? Where does S. canis infect? Is it zoonotic?
Infection from vagina or umbilical vein (bacteremia); Kittens and puppies; Skin and mucosal membrane; Yes.
What is the BEST answer for incubatory period for S. equi? A. Shedding from affected sites. B. Nasal shedding 4-7d after. C. Nasal shedding for 6 weeks. D. Nasal shedding for >5-7 months.
B. Nasal shedding 4-7 days after. A. CLINICAL C. CONVALESCENT D. LONG TERM
What does S. iniae cause in fish?
Septicemia
What is the name of disease that is caused by S. porcius?
JOWL ABSCESS OF PIGS
Who does S. Equi affect? How is it transmitted?
Weaned foals, yearlings; contact with horse shedding bacterium and contaminated environments.
What are the two important infections caused by S. equi in guttural pouch?
Guttural pouch empyema, guttural pouch chondroids
Killed streptococcal vaccine is used in which animals? when is live streptococcal vaccine used?
Preg. mare and foals; To stimulate immunity.
What is the BEST answer for incubatory period for S. equi? A. Shedding from affected sites. B. Nasal shedding 4-7d after. C. Nasal shedding for 6 weeks. D. Nasal shedding for >5-7 months.
B. Nasal shedding 4-7 days after. A. CLINICAL C. CONVALESCENT D. LONG TERM
T/F. Enterococcus are facultative anaerobes, inhabits GI tract, nosocomial infections, persistent UTI, vancomycin/antimicrobial resistance, hard to treat.
True.
T/F. Micrococcus is pathogenic.
False. NON-PATHOGENIC.
T/F. Septicemia is seen in S. Canis and S. Suis ONLY within Strepto fam.
False. S. iniae too!!
What are the lipophilic spp. of Corynebacterium?
C. pseudotuberculosis and C. urealyticum
What are the non-lipophilic spp. of Corynebacterium?
C. renale group (C. renale, C. cystiditis, C. pilosum), and C. diptheria
Where can many Corynebacterium spp. be found?
Soil and environmental source; animal associated species are commensal on skin and mucous membranes (urinary tract)
Caseous lymphadenitis (C. pseudotuberculosis) is a contagious disease mainly in
- Equine
- Companion animals
- Small ruminants
- Avian
- Small ruminants
* (sheep and goats, but cattle can also get infected)*
What is the pathological difference between lipophilic spp. and non-lipophilic spp. of Corynebacterium?
Lipophilic spp. cause pyogranulomatous lesions and non-lipophilic spp. cause pyogenic lesions (also toxic)
What is the most common Listeria species that is FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR? A. L. innocua B. L. ivanovii C. L. monocytogenes D. all of the above
C. L. monocytogenes
Where is the natural habitat for L. monocytogenes?
GI tract
What induces “winter-spring disease” in feedlot/housed ruminants? A. Feeding poor quality silage B. Having fermented sugars in the rumen C. Walking in circles D. Sexual activities
A. Feeding poor quality silage
T/F. L. monocytogenes are resistant to harsh environments and can live in a range of temperature.
True.
What is the main route to transmit Listeria?
Ingestion/Inhalation