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Bacteriology practice questions exam 1 > BacT introduction and diagnostics > Flashcards

BacT introduction and diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

T or F. A disease can be diagnosed by identifying the infectious agent and the host immune response to that agent.

A

True

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2
Q

Humoral immune response is measured by screening for

  1. Macrophages
  2. Antibodies
  3. T cells
  4. Antigen
A
  1. Antibodies
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3
Q

Ability of a test to accurately identify an infected animal as positive is known as

  1. Sensitivity
  2. Specificity
A
  1. Sensitivity

(can also get false positives)

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4
Q

Ability of a test to accurately identify a non-infected animal as negative is known as

  1. Sensitivity
  2. Specificity
A
  1. Specificity

(can also get false negatives and false positives)

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5
Q

An ELISA was used to screen 2 cattle herds for the presence of Johne’s disease. Herd A has a prevalence of 80% and herd B has a prevalence of 15%. The positive predictive value of this test is much higher in

  1. Herd A
  2. Herd B
A
  1. Herd A
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6
Q

Which of the following is not an appropriate practice in sample collection and transport?

  1. Urine collected by free catch shipped overnight in ice
  2. Urine collected by catheterization
  3. Urine collected by cystocentesis in a red top tube
  4. Urine collected and shipped to the lab in a syringe with a needle attached to it
A
  1. Urine collected and shipped to the lab in a syringe with a needle attached to it
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7
Q

T or F. There are 10 times more human cells than there are microbial cell.

A

False

(10x more microbial cells than human cells)

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8
Q

What type of DNA is used for phylogenic analysis?

  1. Ribosomal DNA
  2. Ribosomal RNA
  3. Mitochondrial DNA
  4. Mitochondrial RNA
A
  1. Ribosomal DNA
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9
Q

(test question)

What is unique to all bacteria? (except Chlamydia)

  1. Outer membrane
  2. Teichoic acid
  3. Peptidoglycan
  4. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A
  1. Peptidoglycan
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10
Q

What is the organic acid in endospores that protects it from damage?

  1. Sulfonic acid
  2. Dipicolinic acid
  3. Carboxylic acid
  4. Acetic acid
A
  1. Dipicolinic acid
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11
Q

T or F. Plasmids and bacteriophages are used to transfer virulence factors in bacteria.

A

True

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12
Q

What is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact via pilus?

  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
A
  1. Conjugation
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13
Q

Pathogenicity depends on

  1. Virulence factors
  2. Number or organisms
  3. Status of host immune response
  4. All of the above
A
  1. All of the above
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14
Q

Teichoic acid is present in cell walls of

  1. Gram-positive bacteria
  2. Gram-negative bacteria
  3. Mycobacteria
  4. None of the above
A
  1. Gram-positive bacteria
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15
Q

Mycolic acid is present in the cell wall of

  1. Gram-positive bacteria
  2. Gram-negative bacteria
  3. Mycobacteria
A
  1. Mycobacteria
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16
Q

Gram- ________ bacteria has a thin peptidoglycan layer.

  1. Positive
  2. Negative
A
  1. Negative
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17
Q

Which type of bacteria does not require oxygen but can be utilized for growth?

  1. Microaerophilic
  2. Aerotolerant anaerobe
  3. Facultative anaerobe
  4. Caonophilic
A
  1. Facultative anaerobe
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18
Q

Who was the first person/people to discover penicillin (Penicillium notatum)?

  1. Dr. Howard Florey and Dr. Ernst Chain
  2. Robert Koch
  3. Dr. Abraham Penicillin
  4. Alexander Fleming
A
  1. Alexander Fleming
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19
Q

Which method is NOT used to measure MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)?

  1. Gradient diffusion test
  2. E-test
  3. Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test
A
  1. Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test
20
Q

What is a drug concentration above which an organism is considered resistant and at or below this value organism is susceptible to that drug?

  1. Minimum inhibitory concentration
  2. Susceptibility break point
  3. AUC (area under the curve)
  4. Minimum resistance concentration
A
  1. Susceptibility break point
21
Q

T or F. Fecal specimen should be collected in a sterile tube before transportation.

A

False

(this can accumulate gas = NOT GOOD)

22
Q

Which sample collections should be refrigerated if there happens to be a delay?

  1. Blood and transudate
  2. Feces and urine
  3. Tissue sample and transudate
  4. Tissue sample and urine
A
  1. Tissue sample and urine
23
Q

(test question)

What is the mechanism of action in beta lactam antimicrobials?

  1. Inhibit DNA synthesis
  2. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  3. Inhibit protein synthesis
  4. Inhibit RNA synthesis
A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
24
Q

Do beta lactam antibacterials rely on time-dependent killing or concentration dependent killing?

A

Time dependent killing

25
Q

Anaphylactic reactions that can be caused by beta lactam antimicrobials are a type of

  1. Type I hypersensitivity
  2. Type II hypersensitivity
  3. Type III hypersensitivity
  4. Type IV hypersensitivity
A
  1. Type I hypersensitivity

(they can act as haptens and become antigenic)

26
Q

What is the term for science dealing with evolutionary relationship between living organisms (based on the sequences of DNA, RNA, protein)?

27
Q

What is NOT the characteristic of Prokaryotes?

A. Complex cell wall

B. Membrane bound organelles

C. Single circular chromosome & NO histones

D. Ribsomes

E. Asexual reproduction

A

B. Membrane bound organelles

NO membrane bound organelles

28
Q

T/F. Gram positive stain violet/blue (reatins crystal violet: primary stain) and Gram negative stains pink (retains safranin: counterstain).

29
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Lipid A (endotoxin)? What test is used to detect endotoxin?

A

Lipid A binds to receptors on macrophages > macrophages release cytokines > prostaglandins induced > shock & fever

Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Test

30
Q

T/F. Mycobacteria contain mycolic acid & contributes to acid fast positive staining.

31
Q

T/F. Flagella: locomotion or motility; Fimbriae or pili: for adherence; Endoflagella/axial filaments: spirochetes; Capsule: evading phagocytosis; Spores: survival.

32
Q

Find the mismatched terms.

A. Oxygen required for growth = Aerobic, microaerophilic

B. Oxygen not required for utilized for growth = obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe, capnophilic

C. Oxygen not required but can be utilized for growth = facultative anaerobe

A

B. Oxygen not required for utilized for growth = obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe, capnophilic

Capnophilic REQUIRES OXYGEN!

33
Q

What are the three factors that are needed to cause disease by bacteria?

A

(test question)

Number of organisms, Virulence Factors, Status of host immune response (main factor)

34
Q

Bacterial Virulence Factor: What is the damage that is caused by bacteria?

A. Using the host’s DNA

B. Accumulation of bacterial cell walls.

C. Immunologic reactions

A

C. Immunologic reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions

35
Q

Which is NOT an exotoxin that is produced by Gram positive bacteria?

A. A-B toxins: Tetanus

B. Membrane disrupting toxins: leukocidins & hemolysins

C. Endotoxin: Lipid A

D. Superantigens: non-specific activation of T cells (MHC class II)

A

C. Endotoxin: Lipid A

GRAM NEGATIVE!

36
Q

What is the term for “a chemical substance deried from a biological source or produced by chemical synthesis that kills or inhibits the growth of microorgnisms” (includes natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic antibiotics)?

A

Antimicrobial agent

37
Q

How are antimicrobial agents classified?

A

Chemical family structure, mode of infection, type of antimicrobial activity, spectrum of antibacterial activity.

38
Q

What is the term for when “a drug concentration above which an organism is considered resistant & at or below this value orgnaism is susceptible to that drug”?

A

Susceptibility break point.

39
Q

What is an example of broad spectrum antibiotic? What is an example of narrow spectrum antibiotic?

A

Tetracycline; Penicillin

40
Q

What are the two types of resistance?

A

Innate (preexisting) & Acquired (new genetically encoded > mutation or horizontal gene transfer)

41
Q

Which species of bacteria is resistant to vancomycin? Which species of bacteria is resistant to Methicillin?

A
  • Enterococcus.* NEVER USE VANCOMYCIN!!
  • Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA)
42
Q

What are the three factors involved in accuracy in laboratory testing?

A

Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Total Quality Management

43
Q

T/F. Predictive values associated with individual test results will have the same outcome.

A

FALSE!!! Test results vary with disease prevalence.

44
Q

What is the method for bacterial identification?

A. Biochemical (kits/automated systems)

B. Antigenic (serogrouping/serotyping) pahge typing, virulence typing

C. Whole-cell fatty acid analysis, genetic analysis, protein analysis , enzyme isotyping

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

45
Q

What is the limitation for PCR identification of an organism?

A

EXPENSIVE! Must know what you are looking for!

46
Q

In paired serology titers, how much increase in serum titers are indicative of infection?

A. x2

B. x4

C. x6

D. x8

Bacteriology practice questions exam 1 (2 decks)

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