Grade 4 Flashcards
(G4) What ragas were the word ‘Pann’ used for?
Janaka ragas
(G4) What ragas were the word ‘Thiram’ used for?
Janya Ragas
(G4) What are Janaka ragas also known as?
Melakartha ragas, Mela ragas, Kartha ragas, Sampoorna ragas, Thai ragas, or ‘Thatt’ in Hindustani music
(G4) What are Janaka ragas?
Ragas that possess all the sapta swaras in the arohana and avarohana, with the notes ascending and descending in a regular order. The swaras remain the same in the arohana and avarohana. Each swara should only occur once in the arohanam and avarohanam. Both the arohanam and avarohanam should have the Taara Sthyai Sadjam.
(G4) How many Janaka ragas are there?
72
(G4) What are the first 36 Janaka ragas called?
The Suddha Madhyamam or Purvanga Melakartha ragas
(G4) What are the last 36 Janaka ragas called?
The Prathi Madhyamam or Uttra Melakartha ragas
(G4) How are the Melakartha ragas arranged into Chakras?
There are 12 chakras, each containing 6 Melakartha ragas.
(G4) What are the 12 Chakras?
Indu, Netra, Agni, Veda, Bana, Rudu, Rishi, Vasu, Brahma, Thishi, Rudra, Aditya
(G4) What is a Janya raga?
A raga which is derived from a Melakartha raga. Every janya raga has a parent raga. Each Janya raga takes the same swaras from its parent raga. Sometimes, they may take a few foreign notes, also known as anya swaras. Janya ragas do not follow the same rules as Janaka ragas.
(G4) What is a Vakra raga?
A raga where the arohanam or avarohanam is in an irregular order. If a raga is vakram, it is janyam.
(G4) What is a Varja raga?
Ragas where the arohanam or avarohanam do not contain all 7 swaras. Swaras that are left out are called varja swaras. If a raga is varjam, it is janyam.
(G4) What is a sampoorna raga?
A raga containing 7 swaras in the arohanam or the avarohanam
(G4) What is a shadava raga?
A raga containing 6 swaras in the arohanam or the avarohanam
(G4) What is a audava raga?
A raga containing 5 swaras in the arohanam or the avarohanam
(G4) What is a swaranthara raga?
A raga containing 4 swaras in the arohanam or the avarohanam
(G4) What is a samiga raga?
A raga containing 3 swaras in the arohanam or the avarohanam
(G4) What is a ghatiga raga?
A raga containing 2 swaras in the arohanam or the avarohanam
(G4) What is a archiga raga?
A raga containing 1 swara in the arohanam or the avarohanam
(G4) What is a vivathi swaram?
A swara which can take over the place of another swara at a certain time.
(G4) What are upanga ragas?
Upanga ragams are janya ragams which are strictly derived from the parent raga and therefore do not use any notes not found in the parent raga’s scale.
(G4) What are bhashanga ragas?
Bhashanga ragams are janya ragams which are not strictly derived from the parent raga and therefore can use any notes not found in the parent raga’s scale (anya swaras).
(G4) What is a Nishathanthiya ragam?
A ragam which does not have a sancharam beyond the Madhya Sthyai Nishadam.
(G4) What is a Dhaivathanthiya ragam?
A ragam which does not have a sancharam beyond the Madhya Sthyai Dhaivadam.
(G4) What is a Panchamanthiya ragam?
A ragam which does not have a sancharam beyond the Madhya Sthyai Panchamam.
(G4) What is the arohanam and avarohanam of Hamsadhvani?
Aro: S, R2, G3, P, N3 S^ (Sadjam, Chatusruti Rishabam, Antara Gandharam, Panchamam, Kakali Nishadam, Sadjam^)
Ava: S^, N3, P, G3, R2, S (Sadjam^, Kakali Nishadam, Panchamam, Antara Gandharam, Chatusruti Rishabam, Sadjam)
(G4) What is the arohanam and avarohanam of Khamboji?
Aro: S, R2, G3, M1, P, D2, S^ (Sadjam, Chatusruti Rishabam, Antara Gandharam, Suddha Madhyamam, Panchamam, Chatusruti Dhaivadam, Sadjam^)
Ava: S^, N2, D2, P, M1, G3, R2, S (Sadjam^, Kaisiki Nishadam, Chatusruti Dhaivadam, Panchamam, Suddha Madhyamam, Antara Gandharam, Chatusruti Rishabam, Sadjam)
Anya Swara = Kakali Nishadam
(G4) What is the arohanam and avarohanam of Anandabhairavi?
Aro: S, G2, R2, G2, M1, P, D2, P, S^ (Sadjam, Sadharana Gandharam, Chatusruti Rishabam, Suddha Madhyamam, Panchamam, Chatusruti Dhaivadam, Panchamam, Sadjam^)
Ava: S^, N2, D2, P, M1, G2, R2, S (Sadjam^, Kaisiki Nishadam, Chatusruti Dhaivadam, Panchamam, Suddha Madhyamam, Sadharana Gandharam, Chatusruti Rishabam, Sadjam)
Anya Swara = Suddha Dhaivadam
(G4) What is the arohanam and avarohanam of Bilahari?
Aro: S, R2, G3, P, D2, S^ (Sadjam, Chatusruti Rishabam, Antara Gandharam, Panchamam, Chatusruti Dhaivadam, Sadjam^)
Ava: S^, N3, D2, P, M1, G3, R2, S (Sadjam^, Kakali Nishadam, Chatusruti Dhaivadam, Panchamam, Suddha Madhyamam, Antara Gandharam, Chatusruti Rishabam, Sadjam)
Anya Swaram = Kaisiki Nishadam
(G4) What is Eduppu / Graham?
The time at which the song commences relative to the Talam.
(G4) What are the 2 types of Eduppu?
Samam and Vishamam
(G4) What is Samam Eduppu?
When the talam and song start together at the same time.
(G4) What is the 2 divisions of Vishama Eduppu?
Anagatha Eduppu (Music starts after talam) and Atheetha Eduppu (Music starts before talam)
(G4) What are the 2 types of Geetham?
Samanya Geetham and Lakshana Geetham
(G4) Descibe the Samanya Geetham.
The Samanya / Sadharana / Sanchari Geetham is the ordinary geetham, where the sahityam is praising god. Famous composers include Purandarasar and Periyasami Thooran.
(G4) Descibe features of Geethams.
Geethams are simply a melodic extension of the raga it was composed in. The tempo is uniform and medium, and it is continuous without sections like pallavi or anupallavi. It is sung without repetition. Some Geethams may have 2 sections (Kandikas) or 3 sections. The number of swaras present in an avarthanam is equal to the number of akshrakalas.
(G4) Describe the Lakshana Geetham.
Lakshana Geethams describe the characteristics of the ragam and its ‘Lakshana’ giving us more details about the raga. It does not praise God. Famous composers include Venkatamaki and Rama Matyar.
