Grade 10, semester 1 Flashcards
What is ordinal data?
Ordinal data is data placed into an order however no standardised value for the difference from one score to the next exists.
EG: sample measurements of people’s height
What is interval data
Is numerical data and the difference between points standardised and equal. In interval data, the number of zero has value and is meaningful.
Eg: Temerature
What is ratio data?
Ratio data is numerical data and the difference between points is standardised and equal. To be considered ratio data, it must have a true zero value, meaning it is not possible to have negative values in ratio data.
EG. Heat
What is Nominal data?
Nominal data is named data which can be separated into discrete categories.
EG: eye colour, hair colour.
What is a case study?
A case study is an in-depth investigation into an individual, group, event or community. Typically, data is gathered from a range of methods (eg - interviews, observations ect.)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a case study?
Advantages:
- provides great detail.
- good way to study rare conditions.
- longitudinal data (can observe changes)
- provides insight for further research.
Disadvantages:
- difficult to replicate studies
- sample size is small
- phenomenons and patterns observed is not generalisable to general patients.
- researcher bias (researchers own subjective feelings may influence results).
What is a correlational design?
A type of non-experimental design in which relationships are assessed the extent to which they are related.
What are the disadvantages and advantages of correlational designs?
Advantages:
- Allows researchers to investigate naturally occurring relationships they may be unethical or Impractical to experiment.
- Analyse large amounts of data
Disadvantages:
- correlation doesn’t imply causation
- does not provide reasoning for results
What are the three types of observational methods?
- Controlled observations
- Naturalistic observations
- Participant observations
What are the advantages and disadvantages of controlled observation studies?
Advantages:
- easy to replicate experiment (good reliability)
- experiment is quick therefore a large sample can be obtained resulting in findings being able to generalise to larger population.
- data is easy to analyse as it is quantitative (numerical)
- allow for control over extraneous and independent variables.
Disadvantages:
- Artificiality of the setting may produce unnatural behaviour that doesn’t reflect real life (lacks ecological validity) due to demand characteristics.
What are the strengths and limitations of naturalistic observations method?
Strengths:
- higher ecological validity
Limitations:
- experiment may lack a unrepresentative sample
- independent and extraneous variables cannot be controlled
- great at describing behaviour but cannot explain it.
- observer bias & effect
What are the strengths and limitations of participant observation design?
Limitations:
1. If researcher becomes too involved may cause observer bias.
What are the types of experimental design?
- independent groups design
- matched participants design
- repeated measures
What is the difference between a sample and population?
A sample is a portion of subset of the population to represent an entire population.
What is the difference between inferential and descriptive statistics?
Descriptive statistics uses data to provide descriptions about a population through numerical calculations while inferential statistics makes inferences and predictions about a population based on a sample drawn from a population in question.
What are disadvantages and advantages of the independent groups design?
Advantage- eliminates order effect (factors such as boredom and fatigue)
Disadvantage - potential for error due to individuals difference between groups of participants.
What are disadvantages and advantages of the repeated measures design?
Advantage - eliminates potential differences between groups.
Disadvantage - order effect.
What are disadvantages and advantages of the matched participants design?
Advantages
- eliminates extraneous variables of personal differences between groups.
- eliminates order effect
Disadvantage
- time consuming
- expensive to conduct
What eliminates the order effect?
Counterbalancing is a technique in which can be implemented to eliminate order effects. This technique involves the sample being divided in half. Each half completes the conditions in reverse order.
What is a self report study?
A self report study is any test, measure or survey that relies on an individuals’ report on their own symptoms, behaviours, beliefs or attitudes.
What is an interview?
An interview is a self report study that involves an experimenter asking questions and recording them.
What is the difference between a one tailed and two tailed t test?
One tailed - tests for the statistical significance of a possibility of a relationship in one direction only. (Appropriate only when interested in one direction)
Two tailed - tests for both directions. (Appropriate when interested for testing both directions.)
Define extraneous variables + provide examples
Extraneous variables are variables other than the independent and dependent variable that have the potential to negatively affect the results of a study.
Eg: participant medical history Socioeconomic background Distractions Sleep/nutrition Effort Study
Define confounding variables
Founding variables are variables other than the independent and dependent variables that, as a result of a lack of control, have impacted the results of a study.
What is the duration of short term memory?
What are STM key aspects?
0 to 18 seconds (according to Atkinson and Schiffrin)
Key aspects :
limited capacity - only 7+-2 items can be stored at a time
Limited duration - info can be lost easily due to distraction or pass of time
Encoding - visual or auditory information
What was the multi-store model of memory?
Multitasking-store Model of memory is theory proposed by Atkinson and Schriffrin in 1968 and suggests there are three stores including the sensory register, short term memory and long term memory.
What is the duration of capacity of long term memory?
According to Atkinson and Schiffrin, long term memory has unlimited capacity and duration.
What are the 6 ethical guidelines?
- Informed consent
- Debrief
- Protection of participants
- Deception
- Right to withdraw
- Consent
Define Radom sampling + disadvantages and advantages
Random sampling is a type of probability malign where everyone in the entire target population has an equal chance of being selected.
Disadvantage- difficult to achieve (effort, money, time)
Advantage- will represent target population and eliminate sampling bias.
Define stratified sampling + disadvantages and advantage
A sampling technique where the researcher divides or stratifies the target group into groups each representing a key characteristics.
Disadvantage - difficult (time, money, effort)
Advantage - highly representative of target population & generalisable
Define opportunity sampling + disadvantage and advantage
Opportunity sampling involves using participants from a target population that at available the time and are able to take the part. It’s based on convenience.
Disadvantage - may be biased
Advantage - Requires less time
Define volunteer sampling + disadvantage and advantage
Volunteer sampling is a technique where participants self-select to become apart of study.
Disadvantage - may be biased
Advantage - less time and effort
Define reliability and its types
Reliability refers to constant research and measuring tools.
Internal - the extent to which a measure is consistent within its self. (Split half method)
External - the extent to which one measure varies from one use to another (test-retest & inter-rater)
Define split half method
Measures the extent to which all parts of a test contribute equally to what is being measured.
Define test-retest
Involves giving the test to two groups of people on two occasions and then comparing their scores.
Define inter-rater reliability
Involves checking that different results test administrators (those rating the people who took the test performance) get similar results.
Define parallel forms reliability
Involves giving a different test instead of using the same test.
Define internal consistency
Involves using correlations between different items in the same test to determine whether the different items produce similar scores.
Define validity
And it’s types
The the extent to which the test measures what it claims to measure.
Internal - refers to whether the results of the study occur due to the manipulation of the independent variable (face & construct)
External - the extent to which the results of the study can be vernalised to other settings (concurrent & predictive)
What is face validity
Whether or not the test appears to measure what it aims to measure.
Define construct validity
Does the test relate to underlying theoretical concepts.
Define predictive validity
Whether or not the test predict later performance on a similar criteria.
