Grade 10 PHE

Question 1

Name and explain all 5 anatomical and directional terms

Answer 1

Anatomical and directional terms:
1) Proximal and Distal:
Proximal: Close/Closer to the medial line
Distal: Far/Farther from the medial line

2) Superficial and Deep:
Superficial: Close/Closer to the skin’s surface
Deep: Far/farther from the skin’s surface

3)Lateral: Away from the midline of the body

4) Superior and Inferior:
Superior: Close/closer to the head of the body
Inferior: Far/farther from the head of the body

5) Anterior or ventral and posterior or dorsal:
Anterior: towards the front of the body
Posterior: towards the back of the body

Question 2

Name all 13 major muscle groups

Answer 2

Front:
- delts/shoulders, pecs/chest, biceps, abdominals, obliques, and quads.

Back:
- delts/shoulders, traps, triceps, lats,

erector spinae, glutes, hamstrings, and calves.

Question 3

What are the 3 different types of muscles?

Answer 3

Types of muscles:
1) Skeletal muscles connected by tendons to bone. EX: Stapedius
2) cardiac muscles which are in our heart
3) smooth muscles that line the blood vessels and organs
EX: intestines

Question 4

What are muscles on a microscopic level?

Answer 4

Muscles are fibers that are tightly bonded together.

Question 5

What’s the difference between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers?

Answer 5

Fast Twitch: React instantly when triggered, quickly use up energy and tire out,
EX: Sprinter

Slow Twitch: Endurance, react and use energy slowly and thus work longer periods of time,
EX: Marathoner

Question 6

what are antagonist and agonist muscle pairs?

Answer 6

Antagonists are the contraction of muscles and the agonists are the ones relaxing allowing for the contraction because muscles can only PULL.

Question 7

What are the four main functions of a skeleton?

Answer 7

Should mothers protect babies?
Shape and support, movement, protection, and blood production.

Question 8

What are the four main types of bones?

Answer 8

Long bones: Tibia
Short bone: wrist or ankle bone
Flat bone: Skull
Irregular: Vertebrae

Question 9

What are the three different types of joints?

Answer 9

Synovial(movement), Fibrous, and cartilaginous

Question 10

What are the 6 subtypes of synovial joins?

Answer 10

Gliding, Hinge, Pivot

Condyloid, saddle, ball and socket.

Question 11

Define Gliding Joints

Answer 11

joints move against each other on a single plane. Major gliding joints include the intervertebral joints and the bones of the wrists and ankles.

Question 12

Hinge joints

Answer 12

joints move on just one axis. These joints allow for flexion and extension. Major hinge joints include the elbow and finger joints

Question 13

Pivot

Answer 13

joint provides rotation. At the top of the spine, the atlas and axis form a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head.

Question 14

Condyloid

Answer 14

joint allows for circular motion, flexion, and extension. The wrist joint between the radius and the carpal bones is an example of a condyloid joint.

Question 15

Saddle

Answer 15

joint allows for flexion, extension, and other movements, but no rotation.

Question 16

Ball and Socket

Answer 16

joint is a freely moving joint that can rotate on any axis. The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ball and socket joints.

Question 17

What do ligaments and tendons do?

Answer 17

Ligaments: Attach bone to bone
Tendon: Attach bone to muscle

Question 18

Difference between veins and arteries?

Answer 18

Arteries:
- carries oxygenated blood, carries blood away from the heart

Veins:
- Carries deoxygenated blood, carries blood to the heart

Question 19

How does the heart work?

Answer 19

Blood is pumped into the right atrium and goes through a one-way valve into the ventricle which provides blood for the lungs.

Blood is pumped into the left atrium and through the one-way valve into the ventricle and through the aorta into the body.

Question 20

How to find resting heart-rate

Answer 20

Measure your heart rate over 15 seconds and times 4.