Grade 10 Bio Flashcards
How can we classify living organisms?
MRRS HENG
Metabolize, reproduce, respiration, sensitive to the environment,
MRRS
Homeostasis (regulating body temp), excretes body waste, and nutrients to survive, and growth occurs
HENG
EX: mules aren’t classified as living organisms as it’s a hybrid between donkey and horse so it can’t reproduce
What are biotic and abiotic factors?
Biotic:
- All living factors or functions in an ecosystem:
EX: animals, trees, grass, and bacteria.
Abiotic:
- non-living factors in an ecosystem.
- can be chemical or physical components
- can affect living things
EX: water, sunlight, oxygen, type of soil, temperature, PH levels, humidity, natural disasters, etc.
Define Photosynthesis and what living organisms use this process
Photosynthesis: The chemical process of plants that produces a plant’s nutrients in the form of glucose.
Living organisms that use it: plants and bacteria.
Plant use:
- sunlight, water and oxygen to create oxygen (o2) and energy in the form of sugar
Explain Proteins including their functions and molecular structure
Protein:
- are polymers of amino acids
- are comprised of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain.
- The human body can’t make all the amino acids so we need to eat dietary proteins which are called essential amino acids
Amino acids:
- are held together by peptide bonds
- are called a peptide if held tgt by a peptide bond
- Peptides are covalent bonds holding an amino group and a carboxyl group tgt
- Di, ,tri, oligo(10-15), poly 15+, protein 50+
Functions of Amino:
- the same as proteins
Functions:
- regulate movements of muscles
- aids the digestive system
- delivers important material such as hemoglobin to cells.
Explain carbohydrates including functions, grouping, and molecular structure.
Carbohydrates:
- Sugars, glycogen, starches, cellulose
- Made up of C, H, and O
Grouping:
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars) EX: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose. Are joined together by GLYCOSIDIC bonds
- Disaccharides (made up of 2 mono) EX: sucrose = glucose + fructose
- Polysaccharides (a long chain of mono) EX: Glycogen, starch, cellulose.
Function:
- energy source for plants and animals
Explain Lipids including functions, molecular structure, and types.
Lipids:
- made up of glycerol and fatty acids
EX: steroids, cholesterol, and hormones
Fatty acids types:
- Saturated: chemically they are only made up of single bonds
- Unsaturated: they are made with one double bond unlike polyunsaturated.
At room temperature:
- Saturated fats are solid (lard)
- unsaturated fats are liquid (oil)
Function:
- Long term storage in animal cells, cell protection, barriers, transport molecules.
Part 1: Explain nucleic acids including their monomers, functions, and examples.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleotides: phosphate, sugar, and base.
- carries genetic material and doesn’t give nutritional value.
- Aids in directing protein synthesis
- RNA and DNA
Part 2: Outline the difference between RNA and DNA
Differences:
RNA: One strand, ribose, uracil, translates DNA into a format for protein synthesis to ribosomal protein factories
DNA: Double strand, deoxyribose, and thymine. Genetic material in nucleus
- Has one less oxygen in the hydroxyl group than RNA
Both share GCA
Part 3: Explain the nucleotide structure and the addition of new nucleotides onto existing ones.
Nucleotides:
- Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
in DNA: 5 carbons start clockwise from the one attached to the nitrogenous.
- They are labelled as 1-5 primers. A hydroxyl group is located at primer 3 and the phosphate group is at primer 5.
Nucleotide addition:
- The new 5 primers with the phosphate group will bond covalently with the old 3 primers through a process called dehydration synthesis.
- Thus creating a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups
Bases:
- In DNA: there are G,C,A, and T.
- In RNA: there are G,C,A, and U.
CG bonds together with a HYDROGEN bond and AT and AU in their respective nucleic acid
Two types:
- Purine: two-ringed nitrogenous bases such as AG - Adenine and Guanine
- Pyrimidine: single-ringed nitrogenous bases such as CT - Cytosine and Thymine.
- CG creates 3 hydrogen bonds
- AT creates 2 hydrogen bonds.
Outline the differences between Prokaryote and Eukaryote cells
Eukaryote:
- Has a nucleus
- Plant cell and animal cell
-Linear chromosomes
Prokaryote:
- bacteria and the start of life
- circular chromosome
- DNA in the cytoplasm
- different organelles such as the flagella
Outline the differences between an animal and a plant cell
Similar organelles:
- Mitrochondria
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- cell membrane
- vacuole
- ribosomes
Animal:
- lysosomes
- small and rough ER
- golgi apparatus
Plant:
- cell wall
- chloroplast
What are the functions of all prokaryotic organelles?
Cell/plasma membrane: Controls what enters or leaves
Cytoplasm: House optimal environment
Nucleoid: Location of DNA
Ribosomes: translates genetic code into protein synthesis
Flagella: Movement
Plasmids: Antibiotic resistance
Cell wall: Protection
Pili: Movement
Capsule: Protection/sticking coating to stick to surfaces of other cells
What are the functions of all Eukaryotic organelles?
Vacuole: store nutrients and water
Cell Membrane: Exchange of materials from out to in
Nucleus: DNA
Cytoplasm: House optimal environment
Mitochondria: generation of metabolic energy
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
Lysosomes: Break down waste
Golgi apparatus: process and packages proteins into lysosomes
Centrosomes: Cell division
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum: transportation and processing of lipids and carbohydrates
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum: Transportation of proteins made by ribo
Cell wall: Protection
Chloroplast: For photosynthesis
What are chromosomes made out of?
DNA strands are made up out genes which make up the chromosomes.
Chromosomes are long chains of polynucleotides and proteins that determine your characteristics.
Explain cellular respiration
Celluar respiration:
Chemical process of organisms to release energy from food in the form of ATP.
EX: animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria.
