Government Policy Flashcards
This act worked to set up goals and policies related to the environment. It also set up the Council on Environmental Quality.
The National Environmental Policy Act
A war where countries are not actively attacking each other, but where passive methods like propaganda and threats, or indirect conflict through other countries, are used.
A cold war
A set of government programs that provide benefits upon certain qualifications to citizens who contribute to them
Social insurance programs
An act that works to regulate food contaminants.
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons capable of destroying entire populations
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)
Forces that are used openly against opposing forces, including the Marines, U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy
Conventional forces
Social security insurance paid to those who qualify by retiring at a certain age, surviving the death of a spouse or guardian, or becoming disabled before retirement
Old Age, Survivors, Disability Insurance (OASDI)
Highly-trained military units designed for unique missions
Special Forces
During this time in the economic cycle, a country exceeds its potential output and has a fast growing real GDP.
Economic Peak
A doctrine that says the U.S. will react to emerging threats as they develop, instead of waiting for an act of overt aggression.
Preemptive Defense Doctrine
A way to deliver benefits that does not rely on cash
In-kind assistance
The amount of money a bank must hold in reserve to meet all withdrawals.
Reserve requirement
The U.S. central bank. An independent body that can buy treasury bonds, change the reserve requirement, and adjust the discount rate to control money supply
The Federal Reserve
The lowest point in the economic cycle. Real GDP is incredibly low at this point in the economic cycle.
Economic Trough
Government insurance provided to those who have involuntarily lost their jobs
Unemployment benefits
Maintaining low inflation Limiting periods of boom and bust
Stabilizing the economy
Ways that fiscal policies protect the economy
The Senate
Part of the government that can decline to ratify a treaty
When the government allows taxpayers to subtract an amount of money from their taxes
Tax credit
Also called a contraction, this is when actual economic output is below potential economic output. Other characteristics include a consecutive six months of declining GDP, lower prices, and rising unemployment.
Economic recession
Forces that receive special training and are used in unusual or elite missions
Special forces
A policy without one overarching approach toward a goal that tries to address various opinions, interests, and debates
Fragmented policy
Includes social policy, public health policy, education policy, environmental policy, criminal justice policy, and economic policy
Domestic policy
Government spending is decreased, and/or taxes are increased
Deflationary fiscal spending
Democrats
U.S. political party that asserts ideals centered on equal opportunity and eliminating discrimination, disadvantage, and privilege
This act was created to regulate the amount of residue from pesticides in food.
The Food Quality Protection Act
A Cold War strategy used by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. to ensure neither side would use nuclear weapons out of fear the other side would retaliate with them
Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
Purchasing U.S. treasury bonds, altering the Reserve’s requirements in banks, altering the discount rate
Federal Reserve monetary policy
Individual rights, tolerance of others, equality before the law, democratic representation
National ideals
Congress can execute legislation, fund government activities, declare war, and reject or amend international treaties
Congressional powers on matters of foreign policy
A social insurance designed to provide healthcare for citizens 65 years and older, or citizens who suffer from certain disabilities
Medicare
A state that is dependent on more powerful nations
Client state
A Social Security program that makes healthcare available to those who qualify
Medicare
The acts of selling, distributing and applying pesticides are controlled by this act.
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
The U.S. Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force
Conventional U.S. military forces
The period in an economic cycle when a country has a positive real GDP along with low inflation and unemployment.
Economic Expansion
Import taxes on goods (countries might impose tariffs to retaliate against price floors that they think are too high)
Tariffs
A post-9/11 policy that states the U.S. will preemptively attack a threat if there is suicient evidence that the U.S. is about to be attacked.
Preemptive War Doctrine
The president can negotiate treaties, delegate ambassadors, come to executive agreements, enact executive orders, veto legislation, and deploy military troops
Presidential powers on matters of foreign policy
The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, the Fair Labor Standards Act, and the Walsh-Healey Act
Three important pieces of government legislation that helped promote labor relations
Regulations that set requirements and standards for an activity or industry on how they can affect the environment.
Command & control regulations
Regulations that promote certain behaviors with rewards while discouraging other behavior by making it expensive (e.g. giving refunds for when people do recycle, and charging penalties for when they don’t)
Incentive regulations
When the government allows the taxpayers to subtract partial amounts of certain costs from their taxes
Tax deduction
Republicans
U.S. political party claiming to favor personal decision-making and responsibility, and a smaller role for the government
