GOVERNMENT - FINAL Flashcards
What is Bureaucracy?
A large, complex, hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions.
What is bureaucrat?
An individual who works in a bureaucracy. As generally used, the term refers to a government employee.
What is independent EXECUTIVE agency?
A federal agency that is not located within a cabinet department.
What is independent REGULATORY agency?
A federal organization that is responsible for creating and implementing rules that regulate private activity and protect the public interest in a particular sector of the economy.
What is government corporation?
An agency of the government that is run as a business enterprise. Such agencies engage primarily in commercial activities, produce revenues, and require greater flexibility than most government agencies have.
What is judiciary?
The court system. One of the three branches of government in the United States.
What is constitutional law?
Law based on the U.S. Constitution and the constitutions of the various states.
What is statutory law?
The body of law enacted by legislatures (as opposed to constitutional law, administrative law, or case law).
What is administrative law?
The body of law created by administrative agencies (in the form of rules, regulations, orders, and decisions) in order to carry out their duties and responsibilities.
What is case law?
The rules of law announced in court decisions. Case law is the aggregate of reported cases that interpret judicial precedents, statutes, regulations, and constitutional provisions.
What is jurisdiction?
The authority of a court to hear and decide a particular case.
What is judicial review?
The power of the courts to decide on the constitutionality of legislative enactments and of actions taken by the executive branch.
What is Marbury vs Madison
was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that established for the first time that federal courts had the power to overturn an act of Congress on the ground that it violated the U.S. Constitution.
This power allows the supreme court and the lower courts to invalidate laws or actions that violte the Us Constitution.
the case involved a dispute over the appointment of a federal judge by president john adams.
What is McCullough vs Maryland
is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision from 1819. In this case, Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the constitutional doctrine of Congress’ implied powers. The ruling determined that Congress not only had the powers expressly conferred upon it by the Constitution but also all authority “appropriate” to carry out such powers.
In 1790, Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, advocated for the creation of a federal bank. Hamilton believed that a central, government-controlled financial institution, similar to the Bank of England, was crucial for stabilizing the young nation’s economy. Despite opposition from critics like Thomas Jefferson, who feared a federal bank would undermine state banks, Congress passed the bill creating the First Bank of the United States in 1791. The bank played a vital role in managing public funds, issuing paper money, and handling commercial transactions.
The case reached the Supreme Court, where the ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland upheld the federal government’s authority to establish a national bank and declared that states couldn’t tax federal entities. This decision significantly expanded Congress’s powers beyond what was explicitly stated in the Constitution, allowing for the federal government’s growth and its ability to take on unforeseen responsibilities over the next two centuries
What is domestic policy?
Public policy concerning issues within a national unit, such as national policy on health care or the economy.
What is policy making process?
(study guide says there are 7 steps but Iooks like there are only 6)
- agenda setting - identify the problem
- policy formation - setting objectives
- policy adoption - decision making
- policy implementation - intentions are put into action - the most crucial stage
- policy evaluation - assessing the extent to which a policy is successful
- policy outcomes - maintain, replace or terminate it.
What is Medicare?
A federal government program that pays for health care insurance for Americans aged sixty-five years and over.
What is medicaid?
A joint federal–state program that pays for health care services for low-income persons.
What is entitlement program?
A government program (such as Social Security) that allows, or entitles, a certain class of people (such as older persons) to receive benefits.
What is national health insurance?
health insurance that the federal government of a nation provides to its citizens. This insurance coverage is generally funded through taxation.
What is individual mandate?
In the context of health care reform, a requirement that all persons obtain health care insurance from one source or another. Those failing to do so must pay a penalty.
What is global warming?
a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.
What is renewable energy?
Energy from technologies that do not rely on extracted resources, such as oil and coal, that can run out.
