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Henry VIII, 1509-1547 > Government > Flashcards

Government Flashcards

1
Q

Which method of government was adopted at the start of Henry VIII’s reign ?

A
  • Councillor government

- Inherited a council chosen by his father- Thomas Lovell, Earl of Surrey, John Fisher

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2
Q

How many times did Henry VIII call parliament in his reign ?

A

-9 times

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3
Q

What brought the Councillor government to an end in 1514 ?

A
  • Henry became disenchanted with the reluctance of some of his father’s councillors to support a war with France
  • Increasingly wanted to control decision making
  • Surrounded himself with like-minded courtiers- reinforced his suspicions of the old guard
  • Becomes impressed with the organisational skills of Thomas Wolsey
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4
Q

What did Wolsey attempt to do to the Privy Chamber ?

A
  • Before 1519, one area that lay outside Wolsey’s control
  • Tried to remove Henry’s minions and replace them with his own supporters
  • Was unsuccessful- they came back
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5
Q

What was the Court of Chancery ?

A
  • Where Wolsey made decisions that created legal precedents
  • Cases were dealt in enclosures, land and wills
  • Used the court to uphold fair justice
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6
Q

What was established within the Court of the Star Chamber?

A
  • A committee of judges

- For the poor to push their cases on the nobility

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7
Q

What was the main issue with the Court of Chancery ?

A
  • Became popular
  • Clogged up with too many cases
  • Justice was slow as a result
  • Wolsey got distracted by foreign policy
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8
Q

What was the Court of the Star Chamber ?

A
  • Wanted to increase cheap and fair justice
  • Plans to improve the legal system enforced here
  • Heard cases of alleged misconduct of nobles and gentry
  • Wolsey encouraged it for the use of private lawsuits
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9
Q

What were the issues with the Court of the Star Chamber ?

A
  • Became overworked after 1519

- Nobility didn’t like his reforms

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10
Q

What did the number of cases in the Court of the Star Chamber increase too ?

A

12 to 120 in a year

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11
Q

What was Sir Robert Sheffield charged with in the Court of the Star Chamber ?

A
  • Negligence as a justice of the peace

- Alleged case of misconduct

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12
Q

What was the Act of Resumption 1515 under Wolsey?

A
  • Increased revenue from Crown Lands

- Regained some lands that had been granted away

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13
Q

What was the Tudor Subsidy ?

A
  • Wolsey set up a national committee (was the head) to assess taxpayers wealth
  • This replaced local commissioners who were over generous to the local nobility
  • Provided more accurate valuations of the taxpayers wealth (more realistic tax)
  • Replaced the fifteenths and tenths tax
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14
Q

How much money did the Tudor Subsidy raise ?

A
  • Raised Extraordinary Revenue for Henry’s war in France- over £300,000 !!
  • Amount was insufficient and led to the Amicable Grant
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15
Q

What was the name of the tax that the Tudor Subsidy replaced ?

A

-Fifteenths and Tenths

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16
Q

What was the Amicable Grant ?

A
  • Additional tax to fund Henry’s war with France.

- Caused rebellions in London and East Anglia

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17
Q

What was a failure of Wolsey with the Amicable Grant ?

A
  • Taxpayers showed strong resistance- Wolsey had to backtrack and settled for voluntary contributions
  • Nobility alarmed by the widespread anger and informed King
  • The King left Wolsey to apologise, rebels were pardoned, Wolsey pays off their prison expenses
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18
Q

What did Wolsey do with enclosures ?

A
  • Campaigned against enclosures- people lost their common rights to land
  • Laws of 1589 and 1514-15 were against enclosing
  • 1517- launched a national enquiry to discover extent of enclosure
  • Cases launched against 260 landlords
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19
Q

What was criticisms of Wolsey and his battle against enclosures ?

A
  • Abandoned enclosure policy for 18 months in 1523.
  • Enclosures still continue
  • Stirred up further hatred from nobility
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20
Q

What were the Eltham Ordinances ?

A
  • Introduced to reform the finances of the Privy Council
  • Reduced the number of Gentleman in the Privy Chamber ( the one area he didn’t’t have control of)
  • Reduction of royal household expenditure
  • Removal of Henry’s Groom of the Stool- William Compton and replaced him with Henry Norris
21
Q

How did Wolsey try to get the divorce through Scriptural Arguments ?

A
  • Tried to justify the divorce in the eyes of the catholic church
  • Argued the marriage relied on Catherines word that her marriage to Arthur hadn’t been consummated
  • If this wasn’t the case, Henry was misled and their marriage isn’t valid
  • Based off Leviticas
  • Henry became convinced that the lack of a male heir was god’s punishment
22
Q

How did Wolsey try to get the divorce through Diplomatic manoeuvres ?

A
  • Charles V in control of Italy
  • Wolsey tried to free the pope from Charles V by using an alliance with France and the renewal of warfare in Italy to distract the emperor
  • Policy FAILED-Charles was too strongly entrenched in Italy to be evicted by France
23
Q

How does Wolsey try to get the divorce through Legal Efforts ?

A
  • Held divorce hearings in England, where he would make the judgement as papal legate
  • Cardinal Campeggio sent as the pope’s representative but delays the hearing
  • Wolsey and Henry became impatient
  • Court finally met
  • Catherine refused and appealed to move the hearing to Rome
  • Pope agrees to move hearing
  • Wolsey’s effort fails
24
Q

What were the 4 main factors that led to Wolsey’s downfall ?

A
  • Failure to secure Henry’s divorce to Catherine of Aragon
  • Failure to achieve Henry’s foreign policy aims
  • Boleyn family was hinting that Wolsey was delaying the divorce
  • Reputation and personal ambitions got in the way
25
Q

What changes did Cromwell make to the structures of government ?

A
  • Developed a more modern form of government
  • Less centred on the household
  • More bureaucratic approach that involved creating departments to deal with specifics
  • Higher value placed on talent as opposed to status
  • Brought councillor government to an end
26
Q

What changes did Cromwell make to the privy council?

A
  • Reduced to 20 men
  • Who took responsibility for the business of government
  • Made sure no individual could dominate it like Wolsey previously did
27
Q

What did Cromwell believe he would achieve through his government changes ?

A
  • Believed if the system ran well it would end the dominance of any one person
  • Wolsey previously dominated it
28
Q

What was the Court of Augmentations 1536 ?

A
  • Established to deal with income from the dissolution of the monasteries
  • Receivers in the regions dealt with dissolved estates and reported to central staff
29
Q

What was the Act of Union 1536 ?

A

-Wales became incorporated into the English legal and administrative system

30
Q

What did an Act of 1543 in Wales state ?

A
  • It was to be divided into 3 shires, each with JP’s appointed by the king
  • Wales was to send 24 MP’s to parliament
  • English common law was to be the law of the land
  • English became the language of documentation and officials had to use it
31
Q

What was the Council of the North?

A
  • Was to be responsible for law and order north of the River Trent
  • Nominating and overseeing JP’s
  • Dealing with serious crimes including treason
  • Authority increased after the Pilgrimage of Grace
  • Kings authority was felt more directly
32
Q

What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals ?

A
  • 1533
  • Appeals could not be made to Rome
  • Meant Catherine couldn’t appeal against her marriage annulment
33
Q

What was the Act of Supremacy ?

A
  • 1534
  • Declared Henry the “Supreme Head of the English Church”
  • Accomplished the Break from Rome
34
Q

What was the Act of Succession ?

A
  • 1534
  • Declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine to be void
  • Succession restricted to children from his second marriage
  • Treason to criticise Henry’s marriage to Anne
35
Q

What was the Treason Act ?

A
  • 1534
  • Anyone who criticised Henry was guilty of treason
  • Opposition dealt with severely
36
Q

What was the Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths ?

A
  • 1534
  • Bishop paid annates to the king instead of the pope
  • Strengthened royal supremacy
37
Q

What were the clergy accused of to pressure the pope ?

A
  • 1531
  • Prameniure (using papal authority against the crown)
  • They were fined
  • Had to acknowledge Henry as the ‘Supreme Head of the English Church”
38
Q

How did Supplication of the Ordinances pressure the pope ?

A
  • Clergy were to enact no church law without royal permission
  • Existing church laws to be examined
  • Provoked resignation of Sir Thomas More
39
Q

How did the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates pressure the pope ?

A
  • 1532

- Withheld the payment of the annual annates to the papacy

40
Q

What year was Cromwell appointed as chief minister ?

A

-1532

41
Q

What caused Cromwell to rise swiftly after Wolsey’s death?

A
  • Promised to enable Henry to secure his marriage annulment
  • Suggested Henry make a break from Rome
  • Persuades parliament Henry should be declared Head of the English Church
42
Q

What did the Crowns income increase from and too under Cromwell ?

A
  • From £150,000 to £300,000

- Doubled

43
Q

What was the Reformation Parliament ?

A
  • 7 sessions of parliament that met on and off

- Legislation which attacked clergy and established royal supremacy

44
Q

What was restored at the end of Henry VIII’s reign ?

A

-Councillor government was restored

45
Q

What changed in the privy council at the end of Henry’s reign ?

A
  • Emergence of privy council with a fixed membership

- Supported by a secretary who kept a formal record of all proceedings

46
Q

Who held the power in government at the end of Henry’s reign ?

A
  • Conservatives in the council
  • Were catholics
  • Norfolk, Stephen Gardiner and Thomas Wriothesley
47
Q

What did Norfolk do to try and stay in power ?

A
  • Engineered Henry’s marriage to his nieces Catherine Howard 1540
  • She was executed for treason in 1541
48
Q

Who were the reformers in the privy council at the end of Henry’s reign ?

A
  • Earl of Hertford
  • John Dudley
  • Archbishop Cranmer
49
Q

What did the reformers in the privy council achieve ?

A
  • Achieved Catherine Parr marriage
  • Obtained use of the dry stamp and it was used to alter Henry’s will after his death
  • Hertford as Protector of Edward

Henry VIII, 1509-1547 (6 decks)

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