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tudors; henry vii > government > Flashcards

government Flashcards

1
Q

What did the King rule with?

A

A ‘council’ of advisers who supported him when making key decisions.

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2
Q

How many men were recorded as having attended the Council?

A

Around 227

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3
Q

How many men were in Henry’s actual working Council?

A

Only around 6 or 7

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4
Q

What were the Council’s three main functions?

A
  • To advise the king
  • To administer the realm on the King’s behalf
  • To make legal judgements
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5
Q

What were the 3 main types of councillor?

A
  • Magnates
  • Churchmen
  • Laymen, who were either gentry or lawyers
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6
Q

Why did some members of the council meet separately?

A

To deal with key administrative concerns when the king was not present

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7
Q

What was the Great Council?

A

It was a gathering of the House of Lords, meeting without the House of Commons.
It had no clearly defined functions and was not a permanent body.

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8
Q

What did the Great Council do?

A

It usually concerned itself with issues relating to war or rebellion.
Was a means of binding the nobility to key decisions relating to national security.

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9
Q

How many times did the Great Council meet during Henry VII’s reign?

A

Only 5 times in total.

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10
Q

When did the Council Learned form?

A

It developed in the second half of Henry VII’s reign, starting off under Bray’s leadership.

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11
Q

Where did the Council Learned meet and what did it form there?

A

It met in the office of the Duchy of Lancaster, where it formed as a ‘specialist board’.

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12
Q

What was the Council Learned’s job?

A

Its function was to maintain the king’s revenue and to exploit his prerogative rights.

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13
Q

What system did the Council Learned make work effectively and what did this allow?

A

The system of bonds and recognisances.
It allowed them to trap many of the king’s subjects.

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14
Q

Why was the Council Learned not recognised as a court of law?

A

It was seen to be a rather shady operation, those summoned before the council had no chance to appeal.

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15
Q

What did Richard Empson do to the image of the Council Learned?

A

He was a fiercely ambitious lawyer and bureaucrat, and so he had a ruthless approach to those summoned before the Council.
This seemed to define the behaviour of the Council Learned.

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16
Q

Who joined Empson in leading the Council Learned after Bray died?

A

Edmund Dudley

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17
Q

Why did Empson and Dudley gain enemies?

A

They formed a group of feared and conscientious bureaucrats, who raised a lot of money from the king’s subjects.
They created enemies amongst some of the king’s other key advisers such as Bishop Fox and Thomas Lovell, who removed them after Henry’s death.

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18
Q

What was the reaction of the downfall of Empson and Dudley?

A

People were rejoicing on the streets, showing how unpopular their financial control and consequently Henry VII had become in his last few years.

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19
Q

What was the royal court?

A

The centre of government

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20
Q

Why did the royal court have to be magnificent?

A

Because wealth was power, and so money had to be well shown.

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21
Q

What was distributed through the court?

A

Rewards and status were distributed to those who were deserving, but this was most likely to people who were well connected.

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22
Q

What benefits did courtiers get?

A

They got paid positions or free food.

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23
Q

What were the two levels to the royal court?

A
  • The household proper
  • The Chamber
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24
Q

What was the household proper responsible for?

A

They had the role of looking after the king, the courtiers, guests and others who were being entertained.
The Lord Steward supervised the catering requirements.

25
Q

Who presided over the Chamber?

A

The Lord Chamberlain.

26
Q

Why was the role of Lord Chamberlain important?

A

It was a powerful role as it involved having a lot of trust with the monarch.

27
Q

Why did Henry remodel the Chamber to the Privy Chamber?

A

Because in 1495, his Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, had been involved in Perkin Warbeck’s plot of treason.

28
Q

What did the new Privy Chamber do?

A

It meant the King could retreat to a Private Chamber which was protected by only his most intimate servants, making it more difficult for those out of favour to gain the King’s support.

29
Q

What did Parliament compromise of of?

A
  • House of Commons
  • House of Lords
30
Q

What was Parliament’s two main functions?

A
  • To pass laws
  • To grant taxation to the Crown
  • Smaller role in which local MPs could pass on grievances and local issues
31
Q

How many times did Henry call Parliament?

A

A total of 7 times in his reign, 5 of which were within his first 10 years.

32
Q

What did Henry’s first two parliaments do?

A

They passed a number of Acts of Attainders.
Most of his early parliaments were issues of national security and raising of revenue.

33
Q

What was the most usual form of extraordinary revenue?

A

Fifteenth and tenths, which were imposed upon the value of a taxpayer’s goods.

34
Q

When were fractional taxes of fifteenth and tenths made and how much did they yield?

A

In 1487, 1489-90, 1491-92, and 1497.
They yielded £203,000

35
Q

Why was the maintenance of law and order important for the King?

A

Problems with law and order could lead to uprisings and rebellions, putting Henry at risk.
Henry was worried that enemies would exploit trouble in order to challenge him.

36
Q

Why did Henry have to change how he kept control over the country compared to how Edward IV did?

A

Edward IV had divided the country into different spheres of influence which each had a magnate controlling it.
However, many magnates had been killed in the Wars of the Roses and their land had become subject to the crown.
Henry had Magnate control confined to the Northwest with the Stanleys and to the Northeast with the Earl of Northumberland.

37
Q

When and what happened to the Earl of Northumberland?

A

In 1489, he was murdered which left Henry without anybody in charge to exercise his power in an important area (York).

38
Q

How did Henry solve the problem of the murder of Northumberland in 1489?

A

He took a strategic risk of removing the Earl of Surrey from the Tower of London, where he’d been since the Battle of Bosworth 1485 as a Richard III supporter, and he placed him in Yorkshire to maintain law and order in the area.
This proved useful as Surrey stayed loyal through his effective service for 10 years.

39
Q

Who did Henry have to rely on to maintain control outside of the north?

A

He had to rely on people who he trusted, but did not have sufficient resources that the great magnates did. These were people such as the Earl of Oxford and Lord Daubeney.
In other areas he had to rely on those who he did not trust so much, such as the Marquis of Dorset, and this lack of trust was demonstrated in his network of spies.

40
Q

What were Justices of the Peace (JPs)?

A

JPs were people appointed to maintain law and order at a local level, where they were appointed a county to watch over.
They were usually members of the local gentry, taking the role unpaid in order to fulfil a service for their King.

41
Q

What were JPs responsible for?

A
  • Tax assessments
  • Alehouse regulation
  • The investigation of complaints against local officials
  • The maintenance of law and order
    They superseded the traditional authority of the county sheriff.
42
Q

How did Henry tend to restore law and order?

A

By forcing his subjects to take out bonds and recognisances, some of which were genuine debts owed but many were purely political.
He used them to enforce order and obedience.

43
Q

What types of court were there?

A
  • Church courts
  • Local courts: manor courts and borough courts
  • King’s courts at county level
  • King’s common law courts
  • Chancery and equity courts
44
Q

What were the areas of jurisdiction for church courts?

A
  • Church administration
  • Offences committed by the clergy
  • Proving of wills
  • Issues relating to marriage
  • ‘Moral’ offences
45
Q

What were the areas of jurisdiction for manor courts?

A
  • Landholding
  • Rights and responsibilities of landlords and tenants
  • Use of common land
  • Responsibilities for drainage and land issues
46
Q

What were the areas of jurisdiction for borough courts?

A
  • Medieval trading standards
  • Specific judicial rights granted by royal charter
47
Q

What were the areas of jurisdiction for King’s courts at county level?

A
  • Assizes: held twice a year to deal with major criminal and civil cases and presided over by senior Westminster judges
  • Quarter sessions: held four times a year, presided over by JPs, to deal with less important criminal cases as well as civil and administrative affairs
  • Special commissions: set up on an ad hoc basis to deal with major issues such as rebellion
48
Q

What were the areas of jurisdiction for King’s common law courts?

A
  • King’s Bench: had superior criminal jurisdiction
  • Common Pleas: dealt with major civil cases
  • Exchequer: dealt with issues relating to royal revenues
49
Q

What were the areas of jurisdiction for chancery and other equity courts?

A
  • Exercised jurisdiction on the basis of equity (fairness) rather than on a strict reading of the common law
50
Q

What are some examples of royal income?

A
  • Crown lands
  • Profits from feudal dues and the exercise of the royal prerogative
  • Customs revenue
  • Pensions from other powers
  • Profits of justice
  • Extraordinary revenue
51
Q

Why had income dropped to about £12,000 per year at the beginning of Henry’s reign?

A

Because the income from his crown lands was collected and administered through the inefficient court of Exchequer, highlighting Henry’s inexperience with finances.

52
Q

How did Henry improve finances?

A

He reverted back to Edward IV’s way of administration through the royal household instead of an administrative department. Here policies were formed and decisions were made, improving the finances and the income from lands very quickly.

53
Q

How much did the finances improve to?

A

Around £42,000 per year.

54
Q

What did parliament grant in 1504?

A

A feudal aid.

55
Q

How was customs revenue used as a source of income?

A

Tonnage and poundage had been granted for life by Henry’s first parliament. Over the course of the reign there was a small increase in the annual revenue from tis source from £34,000 to £38,000.

56
Q

How were pensions from other powers used as a source of income?

A

At the Treaty of Etaples in 1492 the French agreed to pay Henry a pension of £5000 per annum.

57
Q

How were profits of justice used as a source of income?

A

Included fines and income from bonds. Bonds represented a potential rather than an actual asset, for example between 1504 and 1507 a total of at least £200,000 was promised to the king, though not all was collected.

58
Q

How was extraordinary revenue used as a source of income?

A

Henry received over £400,000 from extraordinary taxation. However, this use of raising revenue helped to cause rebellions, such as in 1489 and 1497. He had to promise Parliament of 1504 that he would not continue to raise money in this way.

59
Q

Who did Henry’s policies most victimise?

A

The nation’s landowners, who were the people whose support would be most needed if Henry’s position of power would ever be threatened.

tudors; henry vii (8 decks)

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